• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1987

It has been reported that the luteal function may be regulated by the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level which may be adjusted partially by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in luteal cell membranes. Then, one may expect that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents, such as gonadotropins, prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}\;(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ and ouabain, affect the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. In this present study, therefore, we examined the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH, or human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG), $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain on the kinetic properties of the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in light membrane, heavy membrane, and microsomal fractions from the highly luteinized ovary. LH (or hCG) increased the affinity and the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ both in light membrane and heavy membrane. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increased the Vmax in light membrane and decreased the Km in heavy membrane for $Ca^{++}$ at low concentration $(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$. At higher concentration, however, $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ oppositly affected on kinetic properties, that shown at low concentration. Ouabain, a potent inhibitor of $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$, increased the Km at high concentration $(10^{-4}\;M)$, however, decreased the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ in light membrane at low concentration $(10^{-6}\;M)$. Also, ouabain increased the Km for $Ca^{++}$ in heavy membrane without changes in the Vmax at both concentrations. It seems that LH and low dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level and cause in activation of $Ca^{++}-ATPase$, however, higher dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain inhibit directly $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ activity and result in increase in intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. According to the above results, we suggest that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents regulate the luteal progesterone $(P_4)$ production through two different pathways; one is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent and another is $Ca^{++}-dependent$. Intracellula. $Ca^{++}$ level regulated by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ may affect both pathways in a time-dependent fashion. LH (or hCG) acts on the luteal $P_4$ production via both pathways. The initial step is $Ca^{++}$ dependent, and the late step is cAMP dependent. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration so that basal luteal $P_4$ production is increased and LH-stimulated $P_4$ production is inhibited by the inhibiting LH-dependent adenylate cyclase activity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.43-49
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• 1976

The facts that $PGE_2$ produced diuresis in the rabbit when given into a lateral ventricle of the brain and that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ is abundantly found in the brain prompted us to investigate the effects of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ introduced directly into the ventricle on the renal function. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ given intraventriculary in doses of $10{\mu}g\;and\;100{\mu}g$ elicited prompt diuresis, 10-fold increase of sodium excretion and two-fold increment of potassium excretion. Free water reabsorption also increased along with the increased osmolar clearance. Neither renal plasma flow nor glomerular filtration rate did change significantly. This, along with the fact that the percentage of reabsorbed sodium filtered decreased from 99.5 to 93.9, indicates the tubular site of the diuretic and natriuretic action. Atropine pretreatment did not influence the renal effects of intraventricular $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. Intravenously administered $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ in doses of 30 to $100{\mu}g$ did not produce any significant change in renal function. Intraventricular $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ had no effect on the systemic blood pressure, whereas intravenous administration brought about a transient hypotension. These observations suggest that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ induces diuresis and natriuresis via central mechanism, that the site of the action resides in renal tubules, and that the reabsorption of sodium is inhibited in the proximal tubule, possibly through mediation of certain humoral agent. Overall, it is suggested that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ might play a roll in regulating renal function through the center.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to establish a practical regimen for artificial parturition induction using prostaglandin F2$\alpha$(PGF2$\alpha$) and estradiol-benezoate in Korean native goats. The effect of parturition induction and the time intervals to induced parturition after injection were investigated. The birth weight and body weight of kids at 15 days of age were measured. A total of 24 pluriparous goats were offered for this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 goats per treatment by the injection time(142, 145 or 148 day of pregnancy) and dosage(5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg). The results obtained were summarized as follows : A total of 24 pregnant goats were intramusculary treated with 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg of PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benzoate for parturition induction of Day 142, 145 or 148 of gestation. Parturition was induced in all of the goats(100%) treated. The kids produced from induced parturition were all healthy. The time intervals to induced parturition after PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benezoate injection of 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg to pregnant goats on Day 148(23.22$\pm$0.51~23.40$\pm$1.26hrs) were significantly(P<.01) shorter than those of the 142 days of the gestation(26.34$\pm$2.22~28.39$\pm$3.02hrs). No significant difference was found in the time intervals between the doses(5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg) treated for parturition induction. The birth weight of kids from induced parturition was no significant difference between on Day 148 and on Day 142 of gestation. However, the birth weight of kids from parturition induced on Day 148 was found significantly(P<.01) heavier than that of the 142 days of gestation. The body weight of kids at 15 days old was also significantly(P<.01) lighter in the parturition induced on day 142 than those on Day 142. The birth weight and body weight of kids at 15 days old were not affected by 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg injection of PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benzoate for inducing parturition. From the above results, it was concluded that the parturition induction by PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benezoate injection of 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg on Day 142 of gestation, which was correspondent to 8 days before expected spontaneous parturition, was available without any significant troubles.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.77-80
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• 1988

The effects of ginseng saponins and some phenolic acids on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins was examined in order to identify the role of some ginseng components on the regulaion of arachidonic acid metabolism. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2).$ prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}(PGF_2{\alpha}).$ thromboxane $B_2(TxB_2)$ and 6-keto-prostaglandin $F_1{\alpha}(6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha})$ from $[^3H]-arachidonic$ acid were evaluated with rabbit kidney microsome. human platelet homogenate and bovine aortic microsome. The amounts of the total cyclooxy-genase products from arachidonic acid did't show significant changes in the presence of ginseng saponins. Panaxadiol. panaxatriol and all of the ginsenosides used in these experiments reduced the formation of $TxB_2.$ while increased the $6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha}$ production dose dependently. Ginseng saponins did't inhibit the ADP($10{\mu}M$) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation was signiticantly inhibited. These findings suggest that ginseng saponins seem to playa role in the regulation of the arachidonate metabolism. probably by affecting the divergent biosynthetic pathway of prostaglandins from endoperoxide.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the effects of prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}(PGF_2{\alpha})$ and prostaglandin $E_2 (PGE_2)$ on the expansion and hatching of bovine embryos. During the in vitro culture, embryos were cultured with the following groups: (1) 0, 1, 10 and 100ng/ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$ (2) 0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$, (3) low concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ ; low concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$, (1ng/ml : 1ng/ml), (4) low concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ : high concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ (1ng/ml : 10ng/ml) (5) high concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ : low concentration of $PGE_2$ (10ng/ml 1ng/ml) (6) high concentration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ : high concentration of $PGE_2$(10 ng/ml : 10ng/ml). In the results of this study, treatment of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ or $PGE_2$ did not affect in vitro development to blastocysts. However, the hatching rates of embryos cultured with 10ng/ml $PGE_2$(10.3%) and 1ng/ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$ 10ng/ml $PGE_2$(22.2%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in control (4.3% and 12.7%) and other treatment groups. All groups treated with high concentrations of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ showed decreased hatching rates. Thus, this results suggested that $PGF_2{\alpha}\;and\;PGE_2$ were concerned with the hatching in bovine embryos, and their effects on hatching were different by the concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1998

Jugular plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol-17\ulcorner and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2봬(PGFM) were meausred prepartum during the last 12 days of pregnancy, at parturition, then 1 day after parturition in 16 goats. Plasma samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol-17\ulcorner(E2), prolactin(PRL) and prostagladin F2봬(PGF2봬) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. 1. The concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in Korean native goats remained fairly constant(0.20 0.02\ulcorner0.38 0.04 mlu/ml) from 12 days prepartum to 1 postpartum but the concentrations of plasma prolactin rose slightly from 1 day prepartum. 2. The estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations increased rapidly after day 1 before partum, reaching a peak at parturition(74.8 77.5 pg/ml), and falling to 63.8 2.8 pg/ml at day 1 postpartum. 3. Starting at 323.2 69.6 twelve days before parturition, the concentrations of plasma prostaglandin F2봬 rose during the 1 day preceeding parturition(650.7봬57.8 pg/ml) and peaked at 1081.4 164.9 on the day of parturition. At day 1 postpartum, the concentrations of PGF2봬 decreased to 425.3 60.4 pg/ml. Finally, these results show that changes in prostaglandin F2봬 concentrations before parturition were closely related to changes in estradiol-17\ulcorner concnetrations, but after parturition they remained elevated whereas estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations fell abruptly.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.330-338
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• 2006

Background: The main factors associated with weight loss in patients with COPD are not well known. Since chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a major pathogenic role in COPD, these factors may be responsible for the patients' weight loss. Therefore, this study measured the body mass index (BMI) in COPD patients and evaluated the variables, such as systemic inflammatory marker, oxidative stress and lung function, that correlate with the BMI. Method: The stable COPD patients (M:F=49:4, mean age=$68.25{\pm}6.32$) were divided into the lower (<18.5), normal (18.5-25) and higher (>25) BMI group. The severity of the airway obstruction was evaluated by measuring the $FEV_1$. The serum IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ levels were measured to determine the degree of systemic inflammation, and the carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ level was measured to determine the level of oxidative stress. Each value in the COPD patients and normal control was compared with the BMI. Results: 1) Serum 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ in COPD patients was significantly higher ($456.08{\pm}574.12pg/ml$) than that in normal control ($264.74{\pm}143.15pg/ml$) (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, carbonyl protein between the COPD patients and normal controls. 2). In the COPD patients, the $FEV_1$ of the lower BMI group was significantly lower ($0.93{\pm}0.25L$) than that of the normal BMI ($1.34{\pm}0.52L$) and higher BMI groups ($1.72{\pm}0.41L$) (p<0.05). The lower $FEV_1$ was significantly associated with a lower BMI in COPD patients (p=0.002, r=0.42). The BMI of very severe COPD patients was significantly lower ($19.8{\pm}2.57$) than that of the patients with moderate COPD ($22.6{\pm}3.14$) (p<0.05). 3). There were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ according to the BMI in the COPD patients. Conclusion: The severity of the airway obstruction, not the systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, might be associated with the BMI in stable COPD patients. Further study will be needed to determine the factors associated with the decrease in the BMI of COPD patients.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 1992

The present study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone levels in pre and post partum by the PGF2$\alpha$ administration to control artificial parturition in Korean native goats. A total of 24 goats were offered for this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 goats per treatment by the administration time(142, 145 or 148 day of pregnancy). Blood samples were taken from jagular vein pre-post partum by the PGF2$\alpha$ intramuscular administration. The progesterone in serum was assayed by radioimmunoassay. The serum progesterone level in late-pregnant goats averaged 4.85$\pm$0.55ng/ml, 4.05$\pm$0.47ng/ml or 2.76$\pm$0.25ng/ml on 142, 145 or 148 days of gestation. After the intramuscular injection with PGF2$\alpha$ for inducing parturition, it decreased remarkably to below 1.0ng/ml and to the base level(0.4~0.6ng/ml) at day 1 after parturition. And then this base level of progesterone was maintained until the final examination at 9 days of postpartum. No significant difference was found in the serum levels of progesterone between the doses treated for parturition induction. It was concluded that exogenous PGF2$\alpha$, administrated intramuscularly, induced premature parturition with causing withdrawal of progesterone levels for triggering luteolysis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.405-413
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• 2022

Hair loss is a common status found among people of all ages. Since the role of hair is much more related to culture and individual identity, hair loss can have a great influence on well-being and quality of life. It is a disorder that is observed in only scalp patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or alopecia areata caused by stress or immune response abnormalities. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic medicines such as finasteride, and minoxidil improve hair loss temporarily, but when they stop, they have a limitation in that hair loss occurs again. As an alternative strategy for improving hair growth, many studies reported that there is a relationship between the expression levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and hair growth. Four major PGs such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2₂), prostaglandin I2 (PGI₂), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF_2α) are spatiotemporally expressed in hair follicles and are implicated in hair loss. This review investigated the physiological roles and pharmacological interventions of the PGs in the pathogenesis of hair loss and provided these novel insights for clinical therapeutics for patients suffering from alopecia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 1989

The effects of Ginseng saponins on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins were examined in order to identify the role of some Ginseng components on the regulation of arachidonic arid metabolism. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2$ (PG$E_2$), $F_2$ (PGF2), thromboxane $B_2$(TX$B_2$) and 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl (6-Keto-PGF1) from [3Hl-arachidonic acid were evaluatpf by radiochromatographic analysis with rabbit kidney microtome, human platelet homogenate and bovine aortic microsome. The amounts of the total prostaglandins produced by cyclooxygenase activity and malondialdehyde from arachidonic acid didn't show significant changes in the presence of Ginseng saponins. Both of panaxadiol and panaxatriol didn't affect the production of PG$E_2$ while the formations of PG$F_2$( and TX$B_2$( were nearkedly reduced and the production of prostacyclin was increased. The formation of TXBE was reduced by ginsenoside $Rb_2$, Rc, and Re, however the production of 6-Keto-PGF1 was increased dose dependently up to 1 mg/ml. Moreover, platelet aggregations induced by arachidonic acid and U46619 (9.11-methanepoxy PG$H_2$), TX$A_2$ mimetics, were also inhibited by three ginsenosides. The effect of G-Re on prostacyclin synthetase was inhibited by tranylcypromine, prostacyclin synthetase inhibitor. These results suggest that Ginseng saponins may not directly act on cyclooxygenase but affect on the divergent pathway from endoperoxide.