• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.261-269
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of ethical propensity, self-esteem and clinical satisfaction on major satisfaction in dental hygiene students. The study was conducted with third grade students in 3 dental hygiene colleges in Gyeongnam and Ulsan. The results were as follows : 1. Self-esteem showed high score in 'Before senior high school student' of the time of department selection, in 'Good' of oral health, in 'Outgoing' of personality and in 'Good' of family atmosphere. 2. Clinical practice satisfaction showed high score in 'Have' of part-time job experience in dental clinic. In case of major satisfaction, there were significantly different means with time of department selection and oral health. 3. The factors that influence to major satisfaction are self-esteem(${\beta}=.165$, p=.000) and clinical satisfaction(${\beta}=.630$, p=.000). It is important that making the curriculum to improve ethical propensity and self-esteem, clinical satisfaction for dental hygiene students.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest some policy implications for the youth through empirical study about the moderating effects of high school students' family stress in the relationship of Oiettolie propensity and game addiction behaviors including bullies, social phobia and emotional instability. For the purpose of this study, this study established a causal model about the relationships among the research variables through review of previous studies and surveyed high school students for empirical research. The results of this study shows that Oiettolie propensity impacts on youth's game addiction and brings about game addiction behaviors like bullies, social phobia and emotional instability. Especially, this study shows that Oiettolie propensity impacts on social phobia most. Also, family stress has a moderating effects for the relationships among the variables. This study presents some policy implications for the youth.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2010

This study is aimed to compare cross-cultural individualism, and consider an influence of nationality, gender and age on individualistic propensity. The survey data include 271 Chinese, 251 Japanese, 262 Netherlander and 267 Korean. The result of factor analysis, four factors named independent action, profit and opinion, indifference on other and will, were found out. The result of comparison on nationality, Netherlander and Japanese has a strong individualistic propensity, and Korean has a remarkable collective propensity. Chinese were middle grade among 4 countries. It can be said that certain factors correlated with a certain country, because Netherlander's answer on questions belonged to profit and opinion factor were highest, and Japanese's one belonged to indifference on other were highest. On gender, Man was more individualistic better than woman. On age, twenties has strong collective propensity better than other age groups. The number of significant difference on comparison among countries is 21 in 21 questions, but the number on gender or age is 6 or 7. Therefore, it can be said that nationality (or culture) is most useful variable to grasp individualism.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2016

Background: The use of acid suppressive agents became a standard therapy in an intensive care unit (ICU) to prevent stress related gastrointestinal mucosal damage. However, the risk of infectious diseases has been concerned. Objective: The study was to determine the differences between histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) by Clostridium difficile with patients in ICU. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study including patients admitted to the ICU who were at least 18 years of age and stayed for more than 48hrs from August 1, 2014 to January 31, 2015. The propensity score analysis and propensity matched multivariable logistic regression were used in analyzing data to control for confounders. Results: A total of 155 patients were assessed. H2RA were prescribed in 110 (53.9%) and PPI were in 45 (22.1%). Nosocomial pneumonia developed in 37 (23.9%); 25 (22.7%) were on H2RA and 12 (26.7%) were on PPI. The unadjusted incidence of nosocomial pneumonia was slightly higher in the patients with PPI (odds ratio (OR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-2.71) compared to them with H2A. After adjusting with propensity score, the adjusted OR with PPI was 1.35 (95% CI: 0.44-4.11). The propensity score matched analyses showed similar results. Conclusion: The uses of PPI and H2RA as a stress ulcer prophylaxis agent showed similarity in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and PMC.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.656-669
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• 2017

Fair trade implies honest wages and eco-friendly products in keeping with the demands of ethical consumerism. Although consumers are presently more interested in fair trade products, it is hard to find aggressive marketing strategies for fair trade fashion products. Therefore, the purpose of this study investigates the effect of consumption propensity on fast and slow fashion goods consumption attitudes and purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. For method of this study, 229 questionnaires were distributed to consumers residing in Seoul, South Korea. The data from the 219 returned usable questionnaires was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. The results of this study were as follows: First, consumption propensities of spontaneity, histrionics, and imitative nature in descending order positively affect consumption attitude for fast fashion products. And green consumerism negatively affects consumption attitude for fast fashion products. Second, consumption propensity such as donation & sharing consumerism, ethical consumerism, green consumerism, histrionics, and imitative nature in descending order positively affect consumption attitude for slow fashion products. Third, slow and fast fashion products consumption attitude in descending order positively affect purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. Fourth, consumption propensities such as ethical consumerism, green consumerism, and donation & sharing consumerism in descending order positively affect purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. Therefore fair trade fashion products with various usages and sustainable high quality are promoted by differentiated marketing strategies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.414-421
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• 2007

Background: Nursing intervention studies often suffer from a selection bias introduced by failure of random assignment. Evaluation with selection bias could under or over-estimate any intervention's effects. PS matching (PSM) can reduce a selection bias through matching similar Propensity Scores (PS). PS is defined as the conditional probability of being treated given the individual's covariates and it can be reused to balance the covariates of two groups. Purpose: This study was done to assess the significance of PSM as an alternative evaluation method of nursing interventions. Method: An intervention study for patients with some baseline individual characteristic differences between two groups was used for this demonstration. The result of a t-test with PSM was compared with a t-test without matching. Results: The level of HbA1c at 12 months after baseline was different between the two groups in terms of matching or not. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the effects of a quasi-random assignment. Evaluation using PSM can reduce a selection bias impact that affects the result of the nursing intervention. Analyzing nursing research more objectively to reduce selection bias using PSM is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.615-632
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• 2017

Unlike randomized trial, statistical strategies for inferring the unbiased causal relationship are required in the observational studies. The matching with the propensity score is one of the most popular methods to control the confounders in order to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the outcome variable. Recently, new methods for the causal inference in latent class analysis (LCA) have been proposed to estimate the average causal effect (ACE) of the treatment on the latent discrete variable. They have focused on the application study for the real dataset to estimate the ACE in LCA. In practice, however, the true values of the ACE are not known, and it is difficult to evaluate the performance of the estimated the ACE. In this study, we propose a method to generate a synthetic data using the propensity score in the framework of LCA, where treatment and outcome variables are latent. We then propose a new method for estimating the ACE in LCA and evaluate its performance via simulation studies. Furthermore we present an empirical analysis based on data form the 'National Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Health,' where puberty as a latent treatment and substance use as a latent outcome variable.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2016

Background: This study aims to analyze the effects of insurance types on the medical service uses for heart failure inpatients using propensity score matching (PSM). Methods: 2014 National inpatient sample based on health insurance claims data was used in the analysis. PSM was applied to control factors influencing the service uses except insurance types. Negative binomial regression was used after PSM to analyze factors that had influences on the service uses among inpatients. Subjects were divided by health insurance type, national health insurance (NHI) and medical aid (MA). Total charges and length of stay were used to represent the medical service uses. Covariance variables in PSM consist of sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, Elixhauser comorbidity index) and hospital characteristics (hospital types, number of beds, location, number of doctors per 50 beds). These variables were also used as independent variables in negative binomial regression. Results: After the PSM, length of stay showed statistically significant difference on medical uses between insurance types. Negative binomial regression provided that insurance types, Elixhauser comorbidity index, and number of doctors per 50 beds were significant on the length of stay. Conclusion: This study provided that the service uses, especially length of stay, were differed by insurance types. Health policy makers will be required to prepare interventions to narrow the gap of the service uses between NHI and MA.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

1. Objectives The purpose of this study is to find the kinds & meaninings of Qi in Lee Je-Ma's writings. 2. Methods We analyzed Lee Je-Ma's writings which contain the related contents of Qi's kinds & meanings 3. Results and Conclusions 1) There are distinctive Qi features of $sorrow{\cdot}anger{\cdot}joy{\cdot}pleasure$(哀怒僖樂) which are different from one of seven mode emotions(七情) in ${\ulcorner}$Gyukchigo(格致藁)${\lrcorner}$. 2) When $Water{\cdot}grain's$ Qi(臟氣) is the base of the human's Qi, $Nature{\cdot}emotion's$ Qi(性${\cdot}$情氣) is managing. And $Lung{\cdot}Spleen{\cdot}Liver{\cdot}Kidneys's$ Qi(肺脾肝腎氣) is the representative concept resulted by the complex operation of $Water{\cdot}grain's$ Qi(水穀之氣) and $Nature{\cdot}emotion's$ Qi. Each Qi stands for its protensity as follows ; Lung's Qi for extrorse propensity of Yang(Z), Spleen's Qi for upward propensity of Yang(陽), Liver's Qi for introrse propensity of Eum(陰), Kidneys's Qi for downward propensity of Eum(陰). 3) Jang's Qi is more important than medicine's Qi and medicine's Qi has a limitation about recovering jang's Qi. So that it is very important to take care of one's mind. 4) Controling mind Qi is controling Nature & emotion's Qi. Thus controling mind Qi si the best plan for jang's Qi and controling with medicine's Qi is the next policy. 5) Qi influences all aspect of personality, disease, application of medicines and ordinary symptoms. So that Qi is the kernel of the Sasang Constitutional Medicine.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.399-417
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• 2017

The recent globalization of the consumer market has highlighted the importance of a brand; subsequently, brand extension is strategically used to launch of various products and services. Especially, various and new services based on information and communication technology for the convenience of consumers have been provided continuously. This study examined consumer's evaluation for brand extension centered on the brand extension as a mobile payment service through consumer propensity and familiarity as well as attitude toward a brand. The research is as follows. First, it shows that self-efficacy and implicit theories among consumer characteristics positively influence familiarity and attitude toward a brand. Second, it shows that the planned consumption tendency among consumption characteristics of a consumer positively affect familiarity toward a brand. Third, it is confirmed that the brand extension on parents brand affects the attitude towards brand extension, and the attitude towards brand extension is connected to a willingness to recommend through the purchase intention. This study empirically confirms the importance of consumer propensity, the consumer's perception, and evaluation towards the brand extension of the company as well as the continuous efforts and required company activities to build and form a positive attitude and familiarity of consumers for the brand. This study can be used as basic data for the strategy development of brand extensions in service companies.