• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2006

Recently, self-etching adhesive system has been introduced to simplify the clinical bonding proce- dures. It is less acidic compared to the phosphoric acid, thus there is doubt whether this system has enough bond strength to enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of additional etching on the adhesion of resin composite to enamel. Ninety extracted bovine permanent anterior teeth were used. The labial surfaces of the crown were ground with 600-grit abrasive paper under wet condition. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 teeth each. Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR},\;Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian $SPE^{TM}$ were used as self-etching primers. Each self-etching primers were applied in both enamel specimens with and without additional etching. For additional etching groups, enamel surface was pretreated with 32% phosphoric acid (UNI-ETCH, Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL. USA). Hybrid resin composite Clearfil AP-X, (Kuraray Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was packed into the mold and light-cured for 40 seconds. Twenty-four hours after storage, the specimens were tested in shear bond strength. The data for each group were subjected to independent t - test at p < 0.01 to make comparisons among the groups. In Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR}$, shear bond strength of additional etching group was higher than no additional etching group (p < 0.01). In $Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian SPE, there were no significant difference between additional etching and non-etching groups (p > 0.01). In conclusion, self-etching adhesive system with weak acid seems to have higher bond strength to enamel with additional etching, while self-etching adhesive system with strong acid seems not.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate prospectively the effect of different bonding systems and retention grooves on the clinical performance of resin restorations in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Thirty-nine healthy adults who had at least 2 NCCLs in their premolar areas were included in this study. One hundred and fifty teeth were equally assigned to six groups: (A) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA, 4th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (B) SBMP with retention grooves; (C) BC Plus (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea, 5th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (D) BC Plus with retention grooves; (E) Adper Prompt (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany, 6th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (F) Adper Prompt with retention grooves. All cavities were filled with a hybrid composite resin. Denfil (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea) by one operator. Restorations were evaluated at baseline and at 6-month recall, according to the modified USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria. Additionally, clinical photographs were taken and epoxy resin replicas were made for SEM evaluation. At 6-month recall, there were some differences in the number of alpha ratings among the experimental groups. But, despite the differences in the number of alpha ratings, there was no significant difference among the 3 adhesive systems (p < 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the groups with or without mechanical retention (p < 0.05). Follow-ups for longer periods than 6 months are needed to verify the clinical performance of different bonding systems and retention grooves.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.398-407
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate possibility to reduce treatment time for child patient who have limited control activity during flowable composite resin restoration according to comparing microleakage and shear bond strength. Group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$, group III, IV with AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$, group V, VI with Prompt L-$Pop^{TM}$, and group VII as control group without adhesive system. 12 premolars and 10 molars were assigned into each group. Restorative material was used the Filtek $Z350^{TM}$ flowable. The results were as follows; 1. The result of microleakage evaluation, in the group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$ showed low dye penetration score. Dye penetration between group I and group II were similar. 2. Results for shear bond strength at group I and group II showed values higher than other groups. (p<0.05) There were no statistical differences between group I and group II. (p>0.05) 3. There was no statistical differences among I and II, III and IV, V and VI groups. 4. Group VII showed significantly low shear bond strength than group I, II, V, VI(p<0.05). Group VII showed low value than group with III and IV, but no statistical significances. In conclusion, adhesive bonding resin was not affect significantly to microleakage and shear bond strength of flowable resin restoration. Therefore, to reduce the operation time, adhesive bonding resin and flowable composite resin can be cured at once. But contamination of saliva, location of cavities can affect to bond strength in clinical field.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1594-1605
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• 2001

In this study, a numerical simulation was developed which was capable of predicting the characteristics of NO formation in pilot scale combustor adopting the air-staged burner flame. The numerical calculation was constructed by means of establishing the mathematical models fur turbulence, turbulent combustion, radiation and turbulent nitric oxide chemistry. Turbulence was solved with standard k-$\xi$ model and the turbulent combustion model was incorporated using a two step reaction scheme together with an eddy dissipation model. The radiative transfer equation was calculated by means of the discrete ordinates method with the weighted sum of gray gases model for CO$_2$and H$_2$O. In the NO chemistry model, the chemical reaction rates for thermal and prompt NO were statistically averaged using the $\beta$ probability density function. The results were validated by comparison with measurements. For the experiment, a 0.2 MW pilot multi-air staged burner has been designed and fabricated. Only when the radiation was taken into account, the predicted gas temperature was in good agreement with the experimental one, which meant that the inclusion of radiation was indispensable for modeling multi-air staged gas flame. This was also true of the prediction of the NO formation, since it heavily depended on temperature. Subsequently, it was found that the multi-air staged combustion technique might be used as a practical tool in reducing the NO formation by controlling the peak flame temperature.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2007

Objectives Benign essential blepharospasm is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and spasms of the eyelid muscles. The aim of this study is to provide evidence of differences between facial skin temperaure of the paralyzed side and normal side in Essential Blepharospasm patients. Methods The author studied 13 patients with Essential Blepharospasm. We measured skin temperature of the forehead, zygoma area of the paralyzed side and those of the normal side with The Digital Infrared thermal image. Results There were no significant facial skin temperature differences between the paralyzed side and normal side. Conclusions Thermography is a useful diagnostic tool. But we expect that it is essential to diagnose a disease correctly at an early stage and to find a prompt treatment by introducing and utilizing a simple nonivading diagnofic method other than Thermography.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.788-791
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• 1995

Dissecting aortic aneurysm of ascending aorta is a life threatening condition which requires prompt surgical correction. With deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion via superior vena cava, we could replaced ascending aorta in 4 cases safely. All of 4 cases; femoral artery, right auricle were used as cannulation site. The duration of circulatory arrest were 28, 30, 45, 60 minute in each cases and rectal temperature was 2$0^{\circ}C$ at that time. At the time of retrograde cerebral perfusion, we maintained central venous pressure under 25mmHg. We resected all of dissecting portion and replaced it with Hemashield graft. There were no deaths but two of four reoperated because of bleeding.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.183-201
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• 2004

Recently, Electronic commerce market is growing sharply for the expansion of internet and development of means of air transportation. Import Clearance System for express consignments, introduced in Korea, confers some benefit upon express consignments, ie. prompt clearance, simplification of the clearance procedure, exemption of necessary documents. But it has some problems such as lack of social security and trade compliance. So it requires some improvements as follows. Firstly, it has no legal background to clear all articles valued at US$100 or less carried by an express consignment operator. So customs brokers, not express consignment operators, should clear that articles. Secondly, it should be presented necessary documents including commercial invoice to prevent a wrong price declaration in entering express consignments valued at US$100 or less. Thirdly, X-ray inspectors must enhance their inspection ability. Customs must provide education programs for X-ray inspectors to improve their inspection ability. Lastly, Cargo selectivity system for express consignments have to be improved to operate effectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.9
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• pp.345-354
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• 2020

The widespread and contagious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has become a burden in the global health domain. The subsequent discovery of the virus features and pathogenesis, and prompt and adequate management are still lacking and remain inconclusive. Children usually present milder symptoms than adults, and management focuses on providing symptomatic and respiratory supports. Several treatment modalities, including the utilization of mechanical ventilation (MV), antivirals, immune-modulating drugs, or other agents, may present promising results in reducing the symptoms of COVID-19, particularly in severe cases. Although no randomized clinical trials have been published to date, it is interesting to explore potential modalities for treating COVID-19 in children, based on review articles, case reports, and recent guidelines.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2014

Babesia gibsoni is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite that causes piroplasmosis in dogs. B. gibsoni infection is characterized clinically by fever, regenerative anemia, splenomegaly, and sometimes death. Since no vaccine is available, rapid and accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected animals are required to control this disease. Over the past decade, several candidate molecules have been identified using biomolecular techniques in the authors' laboratory for the development of a serodiagnostic method, vaccine, and drug for B. gibsoni. This review article describes newly identified candidate molecules and their applications for diagnosis, vaccine production, and drug development of B. gibsoni.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1031-1035
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• 1994

Mechanical valve thrombosis is a serious and potential lethal complication unless early diagnosis & prompt therapy are made. We have been experienced 3 cases of valve thrombosis. From Aug. 1988 to July 1994, reoperations of mitral valve replacement [MVR] with mechanical prostheses [all mitral] were performed in three patients[2 men, 1 woman] due to valve thromboses. All three patients were diagnosed by means of cineradiography. Preoperative status of was shock status and he was applied intra-aortic balloon pump [IABP]. All three cases of prosthetic valve failure [PVF] were treated by Redo-MVR. Time intervals of reoperations were 5months, 40months, and 35months, respectively. In all cases, valve thromboses were excised successfully. Cineradiography provided an accurate diagnosis in all cases, which was utilized as safe, reliable & noninvasive imaging modalities. There were no operative death & complication. All three patients were fully recovered and returned to their employements, and active lives.