• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1995

In July 1993 a new prescription of the EC was finished, concerning the voluntary participation of enterprises in a common auditing system. By this in the EC-member countries there must be founded centers of environmental auditing where experienced experts of environmental auditing should be accredited. These accredited experts are controllers for evaluating and certification of carried out environmental-auditings. An environmental-auditing practically represents an environmental assessment for an already existing enterprise with establishing corresponding programmes and strategies for the internal management to improve the environmental relations. Much experiences, which could be collected in the field of EIA during the last years may be transfered to this new task immediately. Only an essential difference there should not be overseen because of national legislation EIA in the defined cases must be carried out. By the EC-prescription carrying out an environmental-auditing for an enterprise is optional, it is recommended only. It was not introduced as a must. In spite of this fact because of the hard competition on the market there will be developed a pressure for the enterprises, to carry out such environmental-auditings. At present already a number of first projects in this direction can be seen, in the first line above all enterprises with the necessary economic power want to use this possibility, to gain better positions on the market. We have already gathered the first experiences in this field. We arranged corresponding contacts to several enterprises within the surroundings of Dresden. Within an opening discussion, where the project is explained and discussed with the management of the enterprise very detailed, the understanding, the readiness and the cooperation for the project are generated necessary prerequesits for the success of the whole work. By means of careful detail-work in collaboration with all departments and on all levels of the enterprise the total mass and energy-balances of the factory established and analysed. There are included also such ranges like material delivery, personal policy, public relations and sale as well as waste management. It is important that all people working in the factory have the feeling to be our partners, and not to have the impression to be checked or controled by an outside organization. This one of the most important factors of environmental auditing, in order to wake up and to develop a common interest on all sides. At the end of the environmental auditing there will be according to the prescription of the EC a catalogue of measures to do immediately, short time, mean time and long time for improvement of the environmental situation of the enterprise. All proposals are made in connection with a corresponding economic evaluation. These measures and programmes are declared as the environmental manual and are the basis for the work of the environmental management of the enterprise for the next three years. According to the EC-prescription, the enterprise with this environmental manual can get a corresponding certificate, which may be used for public relation purposes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 1977

This study attempts to examine the performances of Myun Health Workers-the frontline workers in the Korean rural health care delivery system. The time-activity approach was mainly utilized as a measuring tool. This study was undertaken in September 1976 with 35 Myun Health Workers at the Kang Wha County. The pretested time-activity approach sheets were filled out daily for one month by those Myun Health Workers themselves. Statistical means and variances of analysis were utilized for statistical method in comparing some activities and functions converged into time distribution Findings: 1. The workers's average working hours derived in this study is 8 hours and 48 minutes per day, which takes half an hour longer than normal schedule. 2. They spend 56% working hour for direct services, in other words, the main function, 22% for supportive function, and 22% for other activities, the unrelated health services. 3. Considering the total working hours of main function, out-center activity is far more than in-center services with the ratio of 70% to 30% respectively, which proves, therefore, that the main activity of the workers is home visiting. 4. It takes 20 minutes purely for home visiting and takes 14 minutes for transportation. 5. This research also indicates that such factors as characteristics of the health workers and myun influence in shaping the structures of the worker's function and activity: a. The workers whose working site is located in myun office spend 15% among total working hours in carring out official myun activities, which is incidentally unrelated to health services, while the health subcenter have no rooms for administrative jobs for myun office. b. The workers whose office is in health subcenter contribute much time in doing main function and those working in special project distribute more time in performing supportive function. c. The types of workers are another dominant factor to influence the components of worker's functions and activities. MCH workers and MPW I spend much time for manipulating main function. d. MPW II, whose function is reorganized by special project in 2 myuns shows different pattern of time distribution compared to the TB worker orFP worker in the ordinary area. MPW II distributes their time evenly in performing MCH program, T.B. Program, F.P. program and education activity, while the unipurpose workers engage in carring out only their dominant role. e. Another variables which involve the variation of the worker's activity can be illustrated with the variables like target population, size of myun and convenience for transportation, among which the latter two are remarkable factors in determining the time for out-center service.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2014

Objectives: We analyzed retrospective clinical data of Korean medical institutes for infertility care and investigated current status and outcome of the Korean medical treatment of infertility as a part of foundational research for verifying validity of constructing national support system and developing appropriate policy on Korean medical treatment of infertility. Methods: We investigated data uploaded on the homepage of The Society of Korean Medicine for Subfertility (http://www.okinfertility.org) by Korean medical institutes for infertility care to get informations such as patients' age, body height, weight, methods of Korean medical treatment, cost and duration of treatment, success or failure of pregnancy and result of treatment. Results: The average age of patients was $33.1{\pm}3.8$ and the average body height was $161.2{\pm}5.3cm$ and the average body weight was $55.2{\pm}8.5kg$. The method of Korean medical treatment was Herbal medicine (97.5%), acupuncture (80.4%), moxibustion (57.7%), cupping (32.7%). The average cost of treatment was $1,160,625{\pm}882,499$ won, and the average medical cost per visit was $357,845{\pm}241,602$ won. The average duration of treatment was $11.26{\pm}10.58$ weeks, and the average number of visits per patient was $4.78{\pm}6.10$ times. The average duration of treatment was the longest in the group of infertile patients with the highest average medical cost per visit. The average pregnancy success rate was 30.9% overall, and that of the group of infertile patients was 25.8%. Conclusions: When we develop the standard project model with expectation for about 25% success rate of pregnancy and delivery in the group of patients who have idiopathic and ovulatory factors, it is desirable to perform acupuncture and moxibustion treatment 1-2 times a week with herbal medicine. The treatment period is set to at least 12 weeks. Average treatment fee maybe calculated by converting the averaged treatment cost of clinic's one month worth of daily treatment fee and medical hospital's ten day treatment fee into weekly treatment cost.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.897-907
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• 2023

본 연구는 블렌디드 러닝 수업 참여형태에 따른 성인대학생 수업만족도에 관한 연구로 성인학습자의 블렌디드러닝 수업의 발전 방향을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 LiFE 사업(평생교육체제지원사업)을 수행하고 있는 2개교 성인학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인학습자의 경우 블렌디드 러닝 과목으로는 교양+전공수업에 참여하는 비율이 77.8%로 나타났으며, 온라인 수업을 참여하는 장소로 자택이 69.8%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 블렌디드 러닝 교·강사 교수법 만족도는 '보통'이상이 95.2%로 전반적으로 만족하고 있었다. 셋째, 블렌디드 러닝 방식을 적용한 수업 만족도에 대해서는 '그렇다' 이상이 96.8%로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과는 블렌디드 러닝은 일과 학습을 병행하는 성인학습자들에게 성인맞춤형으로 교육을 제공하는데 있어 중요한 교수학습방법 중의 하나이다. 블렌디드 러닝 교수법은 전통적 강의실의 교수중심의 일방향적 내용전달식 수업보다는 교수자와 학습자간의 쌍방향적 소통이 가능한 효과적인 교수법임을 알 수 있다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.181-199
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• 1998

This study was designed to examine Home Nursing Care in Hospital-based and Community-based programs. This study investigates actual conditions of nursing needs and demands of clients and their family and the state of home nursing services. We hope that this study will improve upon the current home nursing care system. In Korea Home-Nursing Care programs are still developing and only now becoming a part of the health care delivery system. The data was collected by a questionaire the clients developed and modified through literature review by this writer and through 10 nurses who are members of 4 hospital and 3 community- based agencies. In this study 173 clients were selected. The study lasted from Oct. 1997 to March of 1998. The results show that the average age was 64.3, years older than most women clients (63.0%), the average age of a caregiver was 50.9 years old and most were female(77%). Two types of agency clients with a significant difference between social conditions [25.7%] used some form of insurance; 54.3% had the spouse pay expenses; pay 58.5% son and daughters of Hospital-based agencies: patients of social workers were 24.0%, the highest in the community agency. The condition of patients was 63.2% of the foley and nelaton catheter insertion at hospital based agencies. The range of nursing services offered is one of the highest among the 34 kinds of servies including nasogastric tube management basic nursing, ROM exercise, bladder irrigation, wound and sore dressing. For an effective care service factors that disturb each program such as a non-cooperatative family as well as patients themselves need to be lessened. Further more, the following must be emphasized, supportive counsel 27.0%, steady care for patient, 13.3%maintain a sense of security(11.7%), dressing sores and nutrition(10.0%). Although there were a large number of home nursing care services in the community, policy changes have gathered momentum. Fortunately, the scope and level at legal support will be increased in the future. The program should intergrate and link the district or community together. A project to develop a community based home nursing system as soon as possible should be developed. In conclusion, home nursing care nurses training curriculum should be strengthened.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.605-614
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• 2006

성공적인 소프트웨어 개발은 QCD에 의해 결정되며, 그 중 Quality는 Cost와 Delivery를 결정하는 핵심요소이기도 하다. 그리고 소프트웨어의 규모와 복잡도가 증가함에 따라 quality의 조기 확보의 중요성이 점차 커지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 개발 후 결함을 찾아내고 수정하는 것보다 결함예방을 위해 더 많은 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 결함 예방을 위해서는 peer review, testing과 같은 결함 식별활동과 함께 기존에 발생된 defect 에 대한 분석을 통해 발생 가능한 결함의 주업을 차단하는 활동이 필요하며, 이를 위해 기존의 품질 데이타의 조직화 및 활용이 필요하다. 소프트웨어의 품질 예방을 위한 방법으로 system safety 확보를 위해 사용되고 있는 FMEA를 활용할 수 있다. SW-FMEA(Software Fault Mode Effect Analysis)는 예측을 통해 결함을 예방하는 방법으로, 기존에는 요구사항 분석 및 설계 시 많이 활용되어 왔다 이러한 SW-FMEA는 개발 활동을 통해 측정되는 정보를 활용하여, 분석, 설계, 나아가 peer review나 testing 둥 개발 및 관리 활동에 적용하여 결함예방 (defect prevention) 의 수단으로 활용 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 시스템 분석, 설계에 focusing된 SW-FMEA를 변형하여 product 결합뿐 아니라, 개발과정 중 발생할 수 있는 fault를 줄일 수 있는 결함 예방 model을 제안한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1190-1198
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• 2023

Objective: To our knowledge, there are few studies on the correlation between internal structure of fermented products and nutrient delivery from by-products from coffee processing in the ruminant system. The objective of this project was to use advanced mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopic technique (ATR-FT/IR) to reveal interactive correlation between protein internal structure and ruminant-relevant protein and energy metabolic profiles of by-products from coffee processing affected by added-microorganism fermentation duration. Methods: The by-products from coffee processing were fermented using commercial fermentation product, called Saus Burger Pakan, consisting of various microorganisms: cellulolytic, lactic acid, amylolytic, proteolytic, and xylanolytic microbes, for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Protein chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System crude protein and CHO subfractions, and ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of protein were evaluated. The attenuated total reflectance-Ft/IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study protein structural features of spectra that were affected by added microorganism fermentation duration. The molecular spectral analyses were carried using OMNIC software. Molecular spectral analysis parameters in fermented and non-fermented by-products from coffee processing included: Amide I area (AIA), Amide II (AIIA) area, Amide I heigh (AIH), Amide II height (AIIH), α-helix height (αH), β-sheet height (βH), AIA to AIIA ratio, AIH to AIIH ratio, and αH to βH ratio. The relationship between protein structure spectral profiles of by-products from coffee processing and protein related metabolic features in ruminant were also investigated. Results: Fermentation decreased rumen degradable protein and increased rumen undegradable protein of by-products from coffee processing (p<0.05), indicating more protein entering from rumen to the small intestine for animal use. The fermentation duration significantly impacted (p<0.05) protein structure spectral features. Fermentation tended to increase (p<0.10) AIA and AIH as well as β-sheet height which all are significantly related to the protein level. Conclusion: Protein structure spectral profiles of by-product form coffee processing could be utilized as potential evaluators to estimate protein related chemical profile and protein metabolic characteristics in ruminant system.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.15-41
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• 2001

연구는 전라북도지역의 보건기관 공무원을 대상으로 지역담당제 실시에 관한 인식과 태도에 대한 기초자료를 얻기 위한 목적으로 시도하였다. 보건기관 근무 공무원들은 지역담당제에 대한 이해도가 매우 높았으며, 지역담당제 실시에 있어 그 실시의 필요성을 높게 인식하고 있으나, 그 실시시기는 단계적 실시의 주장이 높았으며, 제공서비스로는 방문간호와 만성질환관리에 높은 의견을 보였다. 건강증진사업에 국한할 시 건강교실이, 노인보건사업에 국한할 시 방문간호와 거동불편자, 독거노인 등이 높게 나타났으며, 지역담당제 구축을 위한 선결과제로는 재원확보, 인력 및 조직이 재정비가 가장 시급한 것으로 인식하고 있다. 제도개선사항으로는 근무여건 개선이 우선이었고, 지역담당제 구축을 위한 정보체계 확립이 부족하다고 인식하고 있으며, 팀별 지역담당제를 통한 보건사업 전달체계 확립을 위해 적정 전문인력의 배치를 가장 높게 들었다. 지역담당제 실시에 관한 이점으로 대상자에 대한 관리가 잘될 수 있고, 전문성 향상으로 환자에 대한 간호의 질이 향상될 것으로 인식하고 있다. 지역보건사업에서의 지역사회 주민의 요구증대 및 다양화에 따른 대응이 부족하며, 보건소의 사업의 내용개발에 있어서 충분히 개발되고 있지 못하다고 인식하고 있다. 그리고 새로운 보건사업의 확장에 있어서 가장 큰 문제로서 획일적(형식적)사업을 들고 있다. 이러한 연구결과 등을 토대로 하여 지역담당제 정착을 위한 검토방안과 추진전략에 대하여 아래와 같이 제언하고자 한다. 첫째, 지역담당제 실시는 단계적으로 담당지역을 선정하여 실시하고, 지역적 특성을 고려한 사업의 추진이 있어야하며, 현행의 보건사업 업무중에서 이들 사업이 지역담당중심으로 수행하는 것이 좋을 것인지 사업중심으로 수행하는 것이 효율적인 것인지를 사업대상 및 범위, 지리적 여건, 현재의 보건소 업무 수행체계를 근거로 검토되는 등 다양한 측면이 재고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 지역사회의 현실적인 요구의 수준과 보건소의 현재 위상을 중심으로 자원과 예산 소요를 추정하고 타당성과 현실성을 검토할 필요가 있으며, 이와 더불어 지역주민의 요구와 수요에 부응할 수 있도록 단계적으로 보건소 방문간호사 인력의 확충방안을 강구하고, 방문간호사 교육 훈련비 및 방문차량 구입비 등을 재원확보 및 지원을 하여야 하며, 보건소 사업에서 지역담당제에 관한 연구개발 및 시범운영이 있어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 대상자 관리의 내실화와 지역사회 주민의 서비스 욕구에 대한 만족도를 제고시키기 위하여 사업내용을 충분히 개발해야 하며, 지역담당자의 근무여건을 개선하는 등 전문인력의 배치가 요구된다. 마지막으로 과거와는 달리 환경과 보건에 대한 일반인의 관심이 급격하게 확산되고 있는 상황 속에서 소수 전문가들의 실험적 시범사업으로는 대중적인 지지기반을 확대할 수 없기 때문에 지역담당제가 일반주민의 생활속에서 대중화된 사업으로 정착시킬 수 있어야 하며, 그동안 지역담당제에 대한 논의나 연구가 소수의 연구자 및 한정된 시범지역에 의해서만 연구된 점을 지양하고 폭 넓은 연구가 지속되어야 함을 제언한다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제51권
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• pp.63-91
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• 2002

본 연구는 정신보건기관에 근무하는 정신보건사회복지사 170명을 대상으로 서비스 연계실태 및 연계관련요인을 조사하였다. 조사결과, 첫째로 연계정도는 정보교환과 클라이언트 의뢰에서 높았으며, 자금동원과 공동협의는 상대적으로 낮았다. 기관유형별로는 정신의료기관과 정신보건센터 및 사회복귀시설에서 일하는 사회복지사들의 연계가 가장 빈번하였다. 또한 접촉은 전화로, 연계경로는 기관 홍보물과 친분에 의해, 접촉대상은 일선 담당자인 경우가 많았다. 둘째, 대부분의 응답자들이 연계의 필요성을 인식하고 있었고, 그 주요 이유를 클라이언트를 위한 다양한 서비스제공이라고 하였다. 또한 연계활성화를 위해서는 정보체계의 구축 및 연계대상기관의 확대, 기관의 지원이 필요하다고 하였다. 셋째, 개인요인과 조직요인에 따른 연계의 차이에서는 여성보다 남성이, 학력이 높을수록, 관리자급인 경우, 정신보건경력이 높을수록, 자격증이 있는 경우(이상 개인요인), 그리고 소재지가 농어촌이고, 사회복귀시설과 정신보건센터인 경우, 주요대상이 만성 정신장애인인 경우(기관요인)에 연계가 높았다. 넷째, 연계에 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 개인요인으로 정신보건경력 및 현 기관경력, 학력이, 그리고 조직요인으로 기관소재지 및 기관유형, 기관연도가 의미 있는 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 정신보건서비스 연계를 위한 공식적 협의체 및 정보망을 마련하고, 연계를 정신보건 사회복지사의 공식업무로 인정하며, 나아가 연계내용과 대상을 확대할 뿐 아니라, 정부지원 하에 시범적 연계사업을 계획하는 방안을 강구할 것을 제안하였다.

• 대한간호
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.52-67
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• 1996

As home care in developing and becoming part of the health care delivery system in Korea, it is necessary to examine the use of nursing diagnoses and related nursing interventions with a view to increasing the standardization of nursing recording. This study was done to examine the nursing diagnosis and related nursing interventions used in home care. Data were collected using a chart review of the nursing notes written for the home care given to 38 patients who had pulmonary diseases or traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries and who had received home care as part of a demonstration home care project in a college of Nursing in Seoul. Early on in the project discussions as to format and use to nursing diagnosis was done and a tool was developed based on Gordon's eleven functional catergories with the addition of categories to cover family and environment. This tool was used in the data collection. Data included nursing diagnosis, etiologies and interventions. Real numbers and percentages were used in the analysis. The results show that the most frequently used diagnoses were in the category of physical function (75.6%), followed by the category of emotional and social function (21.8%). The least frequently used category was the one for family and environment (2.6%). The order of the frequency of recorded nursing interventions was the same, 82.3% for physical function, 16.2% of emotional and social function and 1.5% for family and environment. Under the category of physical functioning the most frequently used nursing diagnoses were related to mobility (62.2%), nutrition (23.6%) and elimination (11.9%). The frequencies of nursing interventions for these three diagnostic categories were 69.8%, 16.0% and 10.8% respectively. For emotional and social functioning, the most frequently used diagnoses were for cognition-perception (37.1%), self-perception (30.6%) and perception of health (23.7%). The ordering of the frequency of nursing interventions varied slightly. The most frequently used interventions were for the category of self-perception (31.7%) followed by cognition-perception (24.1%) and perception of health (22.9%). Looking at individual diagnoses, it was found that within the categroy of physical functioning, the most frequently used diagnosis was "impaired physical mobility" (29.5%) and this diagnosis involved 43.9% of the interventions. This was followed by "ineffective breathing pattern" (19.4%) with 17.7% of interventions, and "alteration in nutrition, less than body requirements" (11.2%) with 8.1% of the interventions. For the emotional social category, noncompliance was the most frequently used nursing diagnosis (18.2%) with 19.2% of the interventions. This was followed by "anxiety" (13.4%) with 13.6% of the interventions and by "knowledge deficit" (13.4%) but with only 5.5% of the interventions. The other diagnoses and interventions did not follow this pattern of frequency. Although there were a large number of diagnostic and intervention events, the number of actual diagnoses and interventions used were relatively small ranging from six interventions for "knowledge deficit" to 40 interventions for "imparied physical mobility". From this it can be concluded that the results of this study could be used as basic data for the development of standardized charts with respect to nursing diagnosis and interventions for clients with pulmonary disease and clients with traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries. Interventions that were direct care activities (1178) were much more frequent that education (430), and assessment and observation (148). There were also few diagnoses or interventions related to the family and the environment. This suggests two areas that need to be developed in home care and that need to be considered in the development of standardized records for use in home care.