• 무역상무연구
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• 제59권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the several points at issue in international technology transfer contract from licensor's and licensee's perspectives, and to refer them when the licensor and the licensee draw up the contract. This author analyzed the critical points of the related provisions of ICC Model International Technology Transfer Contract(2009) by citing the explanations of the Introduction of the Model Contract. The provisions of the Model Contract are generally divided into two categolies; specific conditions and general conditions. This author selected four topics in the specific conditions; Contents of the Contract, Royalty, Modification and/or Improvements of Products, and Territory and Competition. Likewise this author selected three topics in the general conditions; Resolutions of Disputes, Applicable Law and Taxes. Both parties need to be mindful of the following points in the above topics, when they draw up the contract. First, both parties should make the definitions of special terminologies clear, which are included in the Contract. Second, before the parties sign the Contract, they should check any approvals to be necessary by the both countries' governments. Third, for the calculation of the royalty, they should clear the criteria, the scope, and the object. Fourth, as the local laws or regional laws regarding the territory limitation and taxation are mandatory, any provisions of the Contract should not be inconsistent with them. Therefore, both parties should check before-hand the local laws or rules related with the provisions of the Contract. Fifth, when the parties draw up the Contract, they should examine the Provisions of Dispute Resolution in consideration of the Governing Law. Thus both parties decide to make the technology transfer contract, the three aspects namely profitability, legal conflict with mandatory rules, and sustainability of the business resulting from the Contract should be examined in advance, and then proceed the business using the technology transfer.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

The latest definition of a prebiotic is "a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit"; it now includes non-food elements and is applicable to extra-intestinal tissues. Prebiotics are recognized as a promising tool in the promotion of general health and in the prevention and treatment of numerous juvenile diseases. Prebiotics are considered an immunoactive agent, with the potential for long-lasting effects extending past active administration of the prebiotic. Because of its extremely low risk of serious adverse effects, ease of administration, and strong potential for influencing the composition and function of the microbiota in the gut and beyond, the beneficial clinical applications of prebiotics are expanding. Prebiotics are the third largest component of human breast milk. Preparations including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neo-tetraose are examples of commonly used and studied products for supplementation in baby formula. In particular, the GOS/FOS combination is the most studied. Maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential to promote homeostasis of the gut and other organs. With more than 1,000 different microbial species in the gut, it is likely more feasible to modify the gut microbiota through the use of certain prebiotic mixtures rather than supplementing with a particular probiotic strain. In this review, we discuss the latest clinical evidence regarding prebiotics and its role in gut immunity, allergy, infections, inflammation, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2009

유전성 말초신경병은 유전운동감각신경병증, 유전운동신경병증, 유전감각신경병증으로 분류된다. 이들은 세부 아형들로 더 세분화된다. 여기서 우리는 유전성 말초신경병증의 분자적 진단과 치료적 전략에 관한 최근의 발견을 제시하고자 한다. 유전성 말초신경병증의 표현형과 연관된 유전자의 산물은 신경구조유지, 축삭의 수송, 신경신호 변환, 세포보전과 관계된 기능들에 중요하다. 유전성 말초신경병증의 분자적 기초의 수립과 관련 유전자들과 그들의 기능에 관한 연구는 이러한 신경퇴행성 질환들의 병리 생리학적 기전과 말초신경계의 기능 및 정상적 발달에 관련된 일련의 과정을 이해하는데 중요하다. 말초신경병의 병인에대한 이해와 이러한 접근은 미래에 보조적 그리고 치유적 치료들을 개발하는데 있어 유전성 말초신경병증의 환자들의 진단과 관리에 도움이 될 것이다.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.209-231
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• 2009

최근, 제조기업들의 일반적인 추세는 제품들이 보다 더 고객화 되어가고 있으며, 제품수영주기가 짧아지고 있다는 것이다. 이러한 제조기업들에 있어서, 고객들은 종종 자신들이 주문한 제품의 제조과정 동안에 자신들의 요구사항들을 지속적으로 반영하기를 원하며, 또한 자신들의 요구사항들이 충족된 제품을 인도받기를 원한다. 이러한 기업 환경을 고객지향 수주생산 환경이라고 한다. 본 논문에서는 고객지향 수주생산 환경에 적합한 제품정보 통합시스템 (PDIS: Product Data Integration System) 구축을 위한 정보시스템 개발 방법론을 정립하고, 또한 정립된 방법론을 이용하여 대표적인 고객지향산 제품인 'H'중공업의 선박엔진 제품을 대상으로 PDIS 구축 사례를 제시하였다. 현재 구축된 PDIS는 현업에서 성공적으로 운영되고 있다. 그 결과, 납기시간이 단축되고, 고객과의 관계가 향상되었으며, 그리고 제품수명주기 동안 기업 내 부서간의 업무 협력이 향상되었다.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.109-127
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• 2007

소비자와 판매자간의 거래에서 화폐가치는 소비자의 구매의사결정시 중요한 기준이 된다. 화폐가치는 소비자가 지불한 가격에 대해서 제품과 서비스로부터 얻게 되는 가치의 복합적인 척도이다. 본 연구의 목적은 화폐가치를 기반으로 한 소비자의 판매자 선택을 지원해 주기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해서 본 연구에서는 소비자와 판매자간의 거래를 위한 DEA 모형을 제안하고 국내 비교쇼핑 사이트에서의 적용방안을 제시하였다. DEA 모형을 기반으로 한 판매자 추천정보는 최상의 제품과 서비스를 최저의 가격으로 구매하고자 하는 소비자들에게 유익한 정보로 활용될 것이다. 또한 본 기법은 경쟁이 치열해지고 있는 판매자들에게 경쟁우위를 갖추기 위한 전략으로 활용 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.133-156
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• 2007

컴퓨터의 대중적 보급은 아날로그 컨텐츠들의 디지털화를 유도하고 있다. 컨텐츠의 디지털화는 종래의 아날로그 컨텐츠를 위한 미디어 시스템과는 차별화된 디지털 미디어 시스템의 출현을 초래하였다. 종래의 아날로그 미디어와는 달리 디지털 미디어 시스템은 다양한 사용목적과 사용범위를 한 시스템 내에 포괄하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 디지털 미디어 시스템 내부에 융합되어 있는 다양한 하위 시스템을 적절하게 표현할 수 있는 디자인 요소를 파악하고 그 효과를 실증적으로 검증하는데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 사용자가 미디어에 대하여 갖는 관여도와 동기에 따라 효과적으로 디지털 컨텐츠를 사용할 수 있도록 도와주는 디자인 요소로서 색상차와 색조를 계시하였다. 그리고 색상차와 색조를 이용하여 디지털 미디어 시스템의 프로토타입을 구축하였다. 프로토타입을 이용한 통제된 실험결과 색상차와 색조는 사람들이 시스템에 대해서 느끼는 공간감에 중요한 영향을 미치며, 더 나아가 디지털 미디어 시스템의 사용성에도 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1659-1676
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• 2002

Ruminant animals develop a diverse and sophisticated microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs. Plant cell walls are complex and their structures are not fully understood, but it is generally believed that the chemical properties of some plant cell wall compounds and the cross-linked three-dimensional matrix of polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic compounds limit digestion of cell wall polysaccharides by ruminal microbes. Three adaptive strategies have been identified in the ruminal ecosystem for degrading plant cell walls: production of the full slate of enzymes required to cleave the numerous bonds within cell walls; attachment and colonization of feed particles; and synergetic interactions among ruminal species. Nonetheless, digestion of fibrous feeds remains incomplete, and numerous research attempts have been made to increase this extent of digestion. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) have been used successfully in monogastric animal production for some time. The possibility of adapting EFE as feed additives for ruminants is under intensive study. To date, animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to differences in enzyme source, application method, and types of diets and livestock. Currently available information suggests delivery of EFE by applying them to feed offers the best chance to increase ruminal digestion. The general tendency of EFE to increase rate, but not extent, of fibre digestion indicates that the products currently on the market for ruminants may not be introducing novel enzyme activities into the rumen. Recent research suggests that cleavage of esterified linkages (e.g., acetylesterase, ferulic acid esterase) within the plant cell wall matrix may be the key to increasing the extent of cell wall digestion in the rumen. Thus, a crucial ingredient in an effective enzyme additive for ruminants may be an as yet undetermined esterase that may not be included, quantified or listed in the majority of available enzyme preparations. Identifying these pivotal enzyme(s) and using biotechnology to enhance their production is necessary for long term improvements in feed digestion using EFE. Pretreating fibrous feeds with alkali in addition to EFE also shows promise for improving the efficacy of enzyme supplements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2000

Like other livestock, monogastric animals are essential components of the farming systems in the tropical countries. Pigs, chicken and ducks are by far the most important animals in the culture of the peoples of developing countries in the tropics. Traditionally these animals are raised in small farms and they are also the bulk producers of meat, eggs etc. in the tropics. In many countries the farmers of these small farms are unable to meet the requirement set by financial institution and other loan giving agencies for agricultural loan. Thus, the small farmers can get neither the opportunity to generate sufficient income to support the family nor to extend the livestock activities. The production systems are characterized by small number of animals with no or minimal inputs, low outputs and periodic destruction of animals by disease. Typically the litter size or flocks are small in number with each household containing 5-6 pigs and 7-10 poultry. Animals are owned by individual households and mostly maintained under a scavenging systems with little or no inputs for housing, feeding or health care. Because of the nature of this production system, productivity of these animals is rather low. The low level of inputs is due to a lack of capital and a low risk oriented outlook. The feed resource base for monogastric is scavenging and consists of household waste, roots and tuber, grain by-products and anything edible found in the immediate environment. Usually farmers select breeding gilts from their own female piglets or to a lesser extent, buy them from neighbors for natural mating. As regards poultry attempts have been made to increase egg and meat production by improving local poultry birds by upgrading and crossbreeding with exotic germ plasma in the tropics. Animal disease present a major constraint to animal production in the tropical region and the extent of the losses due to disease is very high.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6197-6208
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• 2013

Cancers will continue to be a threat to health unless they can be controlled by combinations of treatment modalities. In this review, evaluate the role of resveratrol (RSV) as a radiosensitizing agent was evaluated and underlying mechanisms holistically explored in different cancer models focusing on therapeutic possibilities. The ability of RSV to modify the effect of radiation exposure in normal and cancer cells has indeed been shown quite convincingly, the combination of RSV and IR exhibiting synergistic effects on different cancer cells. This is relevant since controlled exposure to IR is one of the most frequently applied treatments in cancer patients. However, radiotherapy (XRT) treatment regimes are very often not effective in clinical practice as observed in patients with glioma, prostate cancer (PCa), melanoma, for example, largely due to tumour radioresistant properties. Sensitization of IR-induced apoptosis by natural products such as RSV is likely to be relevant in cancer control and treatment. However, all cancers do not respond to RSV+IR in a similar manner. Therefore, for those such as the radioresistant PCa or melanoma cells, the RSV+IR regime has to be very carefully chosen in order to achieve effective and desirable outcomes with minimum toxicity to normal cells. They are reports that the highest concentration of 100 ${\mu}M$ RSV and highest dose of 5 Gy IR are sufficient to kill cells by induction of apoptosis, indicating that RSV is effective in radiosensitizing otherwise radioresistant cells. In general, it has been shown in different cancer cells that RSV+XRT effectively act by enhancing expression of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic molecules, and inhibiting pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic molecules, leading to induction of apoptosis through various pathways, and cell death. If RSV+XRT can suppress the signature of cancer stemness, enhance the radiosensitivity by either targeting the mitochondrial functionality or modulating the tumour necrosis factor-mediated or Fas-FasL-mediated pathways of apoptosis in different cancers, particularly in vivo, its therapeutic use in the control of cancers holds promise in the near future.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.551-579
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• 2012

This case study aims to explore how RDA PLA model affects the agri-SMEs' empowerment. As an agri-business management renovation program from main workshop it was conducted on March to December 2011 with agri-SMEs and extension officials nationwide by RDA. Especially, as a packaged action learning process in the model used participatory action research. This study collected data with participants observation, interviews, situational analysis and systematic review of discourse in qualitative method. For the validity and identifying empirical results, this study used statistic analysis as a mixed method. Further including various pedagogic methods and business coaching skills, this model was conducted from workshop in RDA, in turn, on-farm business coaching as follow-up, CoPs' activities, and local ATCs extension services by each actors. The dynamic process and effects of each process led some change for farmers' innovative knowledge, skills, attitude, practice and aspiration on their farm business. RDA PLA model development based on the previous practices and research, which provided a configurated picture in the holistic action learning process. In statistic research, this study focused on 279 farmers as respondents who had participated in the program. It shows that their income and benefits increased from their renovative practices on farm business. Following the sampling group, it was surveyed by four indicators - products, customer, quality and cost. The level of contribution of education on economic impact 15% is quoted from previous paper. Even in some limitations of public sector, RDA PLA model actively suggests the paradigm shift of agricultural HRD and development of alternative extension-service system.