• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to determine the optimum application level of dicamba herbicide for efficient control of Abutilon avicennae in silage corn field. Five treatments of application levels (0 ; control, $0.75{\ell},\;1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell}\;and\;1.5{\ell}$) were arranged at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1995 and 1996. The hybrid silage corn was P 3352 and dicamba herbicide was applied at 5~6 leaf stage of corn. The growth of corn was poor in control plot, and the days for tasseling and silking were delayed 2~3 days when compared with the plots of herbicide application. The control efficiency of Abutilon avicennae was excellent as 94.7~98.1% in the plots of dicamba application. A slight injury of herbicide was observed at early stage of corn when applied at $1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell}\;and\;1.5{\ell}$ of dicamba per ha. Forage dry matter(DM) yield, length and weight of ear in the plots of dicamba treatments were significantly higher than those of control. The DM yield of control(12,070kg/ha) was only 64.2~66.9% of dicamba treatment plot(18,050~18,795kg/ha). However, there was no yield difference among dicamba application level. The percentage of ear to total DM yield was ranged from 53.4 to 56.8%. The nutritive value(crude protein, ADF, NDF, digestibility and TDN) was very similar among all treatments. From the above results, it is recommended that optimum application level of dicamba herbicide was $0.75{\sim}1.0{\ell}/ha$ for efficient control of Abutilon avicennae and for silage corn production without herbicide injury.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine the effects of maturation media on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine immature oocytes, and on subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) and development (IVD). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from antral follicles of porcine ovaries collected from abattoir, and were matured in vitro in modified NCSU-37 (mNCSU-37), modified NCSU-23 (mNCSU-23), or TCM-199 supplemented with 10% porcine follicular fluid (pFF). Oocytes matured in vitro, were fertilized in vitro in modified Tris-buffered medium(mTBM) with the final motile sperm concentration of 1${\times}$105 sperm/mL, and subsequently putative embryos were developed in vitro in NCSU-23. The results are as follows. 1. In the result of IVM, the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and of nuclear maturation were not significantly different among the media, though numeric value of them were slightly lower in TCM-199 than in mNCSU-37 or in mNCSU-23. 2. In the result of IVF, though the rate of sperm penetration was not significantly different among the maturation media, the percentage of oocytes with male pronucleus (MPN) of ones matured in mNCSU-37 (88.0%) was significantly higher than in TCM-199 (71.1%) (p<0.05). 3. In the result of IVD, the percentage of cleaved oocytes of ones matured in mNCSU-37 (52.3%) or in mNCSU-23 (53.7%) was significantly higher than in TCM-199 (43.1%) (p<0.05), but the rate of blastocysts at day 6 was not significantly different among the maturation media, though putative embryos from oocytes matured in mNCSU-37 or in mNCSU-23 were developed more than in TCM-199. These results suggested that mNCSU-37 or mNCSU-23 was more appropriate than TCM-199 as IVM medium for porcine immature oocytes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2009

Esterase EM2L8 gene isolated from deep sea sediment was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the esterase activity of the cell-free extract was assayed using p-nitrophenyl butyrate-spectrophotometric method. Its optimum temperature was $40-45^{\circ}C$ and 45% activity of the maximum activity was retained at $15^{\circ}C$. The activation energy at $15-45^{\circ}C$ was calculated to be 4.9 kcal/mol showing that esterase EM2L8 was a typical cold-adapted enzyme. Enzyme activity was maintained for 6 h and 4 weeks at $30^{\circ}C$ and $4^{\circ}C$, respectively. When each ethanol, methanol, and acetone was added to the reaction mixture to 15% concentration, enzyme activity was maintained. In the case of DMSO, enzyme activity was kept up to 40% concentration. (S)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxy butyric acid is a chiral intermediate for the synthesis of Atorvastatin, a hyperlipemia drug. When esterase EM2L8 (40 U) was added to buffer solution (1.2 mL, pH 9.0) containing ethyl-(R,S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate (38 mM), it was hydrolyzed into 4-chloro-3-hydroxy butyric acid with a rate of $6.8\;{\mu}mole/h$. The enzyme hydrolyzed (S)-substrate more rapidly than (R)-substrate. When conversion yield was 80%, e.e.s value was 40%. When DMSO was added, hydrolysis rate increased to $10.4\;{\mu}mole/h$. The plots of conversion yield vs e.e.s in the presence or absence of DMSO were almost same, implying that the reaction enantioselectivity was not changed by the addition of DMSO. Taken together, esterase EM2L8 had high activity and stability at low temperatures as well as in various organic solvents/aqueous solutions. These properties suggested that it could be used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of useful pharmaceuticals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 1997

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine differential sensitivities on absorption of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen and the anatomical responses in wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides [oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1- (3-ethoxy -nitrophen-oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, acifluorfen(5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitro-benzoic acid), bifenox(methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate) and oxadiazon(5-tert-butyl-3-(2, 4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-one)]. I$_{50}$ value of the tolerant wheat cultivars to oxyfluorfen was about 10$^{-4}$ , whereas that of the susceptible barley cultivars was about 10$^{-6}$ M, showing significant difference between the two groups. When foliage were applied with acifluorfen, bifenox or oxadiazon, the oxyfluorfen-tolerant wheat showed less decreased in shoot fresh weight and chlorophyll content than the susceptible barley. Also, when soil-applied with these herbicides test plants showed similar tendency in foliar application. Electrolyte leakage from the tissue treated with these compounds was the more influenced in the barley than the wheat. Malondialdehyde(MDA) production as index of lipid peroxidation was greater in the barley than the wheat by treatment of these compounds. Therefore, the differential sensitivities of wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidaseinhibiting herbicides was showed by our greenhouse and in vitro experiment. The absorption rates of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen were higher in the barley than the wheat. And this tendency was showed appararitly difference by increase of treatment durations. After the oxfluorfen and oxadiazon treatment, the tolerant wheat did not show the structural damage in leaf surface, but the susceptible barley was damaged in the leaf waxy layer. However, the acifluorfen and bifenox treatment showed no difference between wheat and barley. The anatomical changes by these compounds treatment were not observed in the tolerant wheat but epidermal cell and mesophyll cell were highly broken in the susceptible barley.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.836-842
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate potential benefits of intercropping of corn with runner bean for a smallsized farming system, based on land equivalent ratio (LER) and silage yield and quality of corn intercropped with runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in arid conditions of Turkey under an irrigation system. This experiment was established as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block, with three replications and carried out over two (consecutive) years in 2006 and 2007. Seven different mixtures (runner bean, B and silage corn sole crop, C, 10% B+90% C, 20% B+80% C, 30% B+70% C, 40% B+60%C, and 50% B+50%C) of silage corn-runner bean were intercropped. All of the mixtures were grown under irrigation. The corn-runner bean fields were planted in the second week of May and harvested in the first week of September in both years. Green beans were harvested three times each year and green bean yields were recorded each time. After the 3rd harvest of green bean, residues of bean and corn together were randomly harvested from a 1 $m^{2}$ area by hand using a clipper when the bean started to dry and corn was at the dough stage. Green mass yields of each plot were recorded. Silages were prepared from each plot (triplicate) in 1 L mini-silos. After 60 d ensiling, subsamples were taken from this material for determination of dry matter (DM), pH, organic acids, chemical composition, and in vitro DM digestibility of silages. The LER index was also calculated to evaluate intercrop efficiencies with respect to sole crops. Average pH, acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations were similar but lactic acid and ammonia-N levels were significantly different (p<0.05) among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn. Ammonia-N levels linearly increased from 0.90% to 2.218 as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio. While average CP content increased linearly from 6.47 to 12.45%, and average NDF and ADF contents decreased linearly from 56.17 to 44.88 and from 34.92 to 33.51%, respectively, (p<0.05) as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, but DM and OM contents did not differ among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn (p>0.05). In vitro OM digestibility values differed significantly among bean-corn mixture silages (p<0.05). Fresh bean, herbage DM, IVOMD, ME yields, and LER index were significantly influenced by percentage of bean in the mixtures (p<0.01). As the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, yields of fresh bean (from 0 to 24,380 kg/ha) and CP (from 1,258.0 to 1,563.0 kg/ha) and LER values (from 1.0 to 1.775) linearly increased, but yields of herbage DM (from 19,670 to 12,550 kg/ha), IVOMD (from 12,790 to 8,020 kg/ha) and ME (46,230 to 29,000 Mcal/ha) yields decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, all of the bean-corn mixtures provided a good silage and better CP concentrations. Even though forage yields decreased, the LER index linearly increased as the percentage of bean increased in the mixture up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, which indicates a greater utilization of land. Therefore, a 50:50 seeding ratio seemed to be best for optimal utilization of land in this study and to provide greater financial stability for labor-intensive, small farmers.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2016

This study researched the effects of cooking methods on phytochemical-enriched thin rice porridge (RP) of three colors (red, yellow, and green). Each of the RPs was prepared by three cooking methods and retorted through two-steps (step 1, at $80^{\circ}C$ for 15 min; step 2, at $82^{\circ}C$ for 25 min) for pasteurization. Cooking method (CM) 1 involved heating a mixture of all ingredients while CM 2 involved addition of apple/beet (AB, red), sweet-pumpkin/cabbage (PC, yellow) or vitamin/pear (green) while heating rice flour and glutinous rice flour. CM 3 involved mixing pre-cooked fruits and vegetables with cooked thin RP. The viscosity of RP prepared by CM 1 was lower than those of other RPs (P<0.05). The result of colorimetric a value show that red and green color of AB and VP prepared by CM 2 and CM 3 were most vivid. Contents of phytochemicals and antioxidants were higher when RP was prepared by CM 2 and CM 3 compared to CM 1. ${\Delta}E$ values of PC showed no significant difference before and after pasteurization, whereas AB and VP were significantly different (P<0.05). Antioxidant activity after retorting was not significantly different from those of un-retorted RPs. The results of color, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity show that CM 2 or CM 3 were considerably better than CM 1, whereas cooking method had no effect after two-step retorting. Therefore, uncomplicated cooking method such as CM 1 or CM 2 are suited for commercial production of RPs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.550-556
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• 2014

Rice bran contains both excellent nutritional value and functional advantages. Its utilization is limited due to reducing texture and low storage. To satisfy various tastes, Bacillus spp. having high amylase and protease activities were selected. Using the strains, we made whole grain soybean Meju with a reduced manufacturing period by increasing the concentration of total nitrogen. We made soy sauces with mashing ratios of soy bean and rice bran at 10:0, 9:1, 7:3, and 5:5, and then compared their physiochemical properties. After 2 weeks of fermentation, the sugar content increased from 21~22% to 30~32%. However, pH and salinity showed no differences. At a ratio of 9:1, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen content, and total free amino acid contents were the highest at 1.62%, 652.52 mg%, and 8,804.03 mg/kg, respectively, compared to other mashing ratios of soy bean and rice bran. Especially, the contents of aspartic and glutamic acid, which increase delicate flavoring, were higher in our soy sauce compared to those of general traditional soy sauce and brewed soy sauce, which were 504.25 and 1,262.25 mg/kg, respectively. Serine and alanine, which are related to sweet taste, were present at 49.50 and 518.75 mg/kg, respectively, which were the highest among all mixing ratios, at a ratio of 9:1. Compared to general traditional soy sauce and brewed soy sauce, the contents of histamine and tyramine among biogenic amines decreased to 35.85 and 41.04 mg/kg, respectively. Finally, a soy bean and rice bran mixing ratio of 9:1 was determined to be the optimal mixing ratio in the sensory evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.921-926
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• 2008

Wild grapes contain lots of organic acids, vitamins and inorganic salts compared to other fruits. Also, it has known to have excellent effects on preventing cancer and heart disease. Wild grapes are supposed to be superior material for fermentation of wine. Tannin contents of wine, which is an important functional factor in flavor of wine, were enhanced to develop quality of Korean wild grape wine. In this study, we investigated tannin extraction conditions and analyzed quality properties of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine. The most suitable tannin extraction condition for enhancing tannin of wild grape wine was extraction of tannin from green tea using spirits at 4oC. For producing high quality wild grape wine, added concentration and time of tannin extract were 6.5 mg/mL before wild grape wine fermentation. Tannin contents of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine was $7.4{\pm}0.05\;mg/mL$. Quality properties of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine fermented under optimized fermentation conditions were analyzed. pH, acidity and alcohol contents were $3.69{\pm}0.01$, $0.95{\pm}0.01%$ and $12.2{\pm}0.03%$, respectively. Total sugar, tannin, polyphenol and resveratrol contents of tannin-enhanced wild grape wine were $60.00{\pm}1.15\;mg/mL$, $79.50{\pm}0.55\;mg/mL$, $7.40{\pm}0.05\;mg/mL$ and $5.00{\pm}0.11\;mg/mL$, respectively showing significantly higher value than that of commercial wine. Production of high quality wild grape wine is expected with the establishment of optimum fermentation condition and tannin-enhancing process of wild grape wine.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.377-385
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• 2020

Recently, wheat consumption has been increasing in Korea, requiring increased production. Nitrogen fertilization is a critical determinant in crop yield; therefore, it is necessary to optimize the nitrogen fertilization regime with current trends that emphasize the minimum impact of nitrogen fertilizer on the environment. In this study, both nondestructive spectral analysis using a hyperspectral camera and growth analysis were performed to determine the optimal N top-dressing rates after heading. The nitrogen application regimes consisted of three conditions according to the secondary top-dressing rate: N_4:3:0 (0 kg 10 a^-1), N_4:3:3 (2.73 kg 10 a^-1), and N_4:3:6 (5.46 kg 10 a^-1). Subsequently, growth and physiological investigations were performed at the jointing, heading, and ripening stages of wheat, and spectral investigations were conducted. On April 29, as the nitrogen fertilization rate was increased to N_4:3:3 and N_4:3:6, plant height and grain yield increased by 4% and 8%, and 8% and 52%, respectively, compared to those under N_4:3:0. Leaf area index and SPAD value also increased by 13% and 24%, and 32% and 43%, respectively. The R (red), G (green), and B (blue) of leaf color were lowered by 15, 11, and 4 in N_4:3:3 and 44, 34, and 18 in N_4:3:6, respectively, as compared to the control. Grain yield was the highest at high top-dressing (N_4:3:6), however, there was no difference between no top-dressing (N_4:3:0) and intermediat top-dressing (N_4:3:3). The reflectance analyzed using a hyperspectral camera showed a difference in the near-infrared (NIR) region on March 19, and on April 29, there was a difference both in the visible light region greater than 550 nm and the NIR region. Vegetation indices differed according to fertilization regime, except for the greenness index (GI). The results of this study showed that not only growth and physiological analysis but also spectral indices can be used to optimize the nitrogen top-dressing rate.