• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1034-1046
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• 2009

Based upon literature survey, this research aims to analyze western children's clothing and characteristics over centuries. It was not until the 18th century that children were given serious consideration and that fabrication of clothing began to be designed only for children. The very first clothes which revolutionized children's wear was 'a la matelot' in the 18th century which freed children from physical restriction, recognized gender difference, and sailor suit became popular among all sexes and adopted as school uniform. And then children's clothing was shortened in length and adopted tubular silhouette, which allowed greater comfort and movement. The 20th century saw children's wear reform to be carried out after the World War II due to invention of synthetic fiber, easy care dress material, mass production system and sophistication of marketing methods. Further evidence of improvement of children's social status can be found in contemporary designs: for example, 'casualized' wear, 'character design' which reflects children's psychology and 'family look' which is designed to be worn with mothers. This evolution of children's clothing within western dressing support the view that children's clothing is not a miniature of adult wear but it reflects idiosyncrasies of the era and exerts children's dignity.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.262-277
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• 2009

Fresh-cut foods have been widely used in the school foodservice industry due to their convenience and saving effects of labor and working hours. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using fresh-cut foods in school foodservice with respect to cost efficiency, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and productivity. First, in terms of cost efficiency, the cost of the fresh-cut food per meal price significantly increased by 2.6% via the new production plan. Meanwhile, the costs of labor and food wastes significantly decreased by 3.0% and 0.3%, respectively, after implementing the new plan. Second, customer satisfaction towards foodservice significantly increased, from 2.94 points prior to the new plan to 3.45 points. Third, foodservice productivity such as of the number of meals per full-time equivalent employee increased by 5.7 meals, from 143.0 meals to 148.7 meals after intervention. The productivity index of work hours for producing a meal also increased and was reflected by a work time reduction of 0.77 minutes, specifically from 4.25 minutes to 3.48 minutes. The labor cost per meal also decreased by 29.9 won, from 331.91 won to 301.97 won, but there was no significant difference. Through these results, we identified that using pre-process foods in school foodservice has positive effects on labor saving, customer satisfaction, and employee work satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-40
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• 2009

This survey's purpose was to understand the duties of the school dietitians' foodservice management and to identify the uses of preprocessed and processed food in Seoul Metropolitan area schools. The survey was distributed either via e-mail or in person to nutrition teachers and dietitians working at elementary, middle and high schools who participated in training sessions in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas from December 2006 until June 2007. Four-hundred fifty-nine out of the total 760 schools that completed the surveys were analyzed. The following summarizes the main duties of school dietitians related to foodservice management: hygiene (100%), nutrition (99.8%), nutrition education (97.2%), cost (96.9%), and food production process control (96.3%). Preprocessed foods were ordered as the following: seafood (2.89) > poultry (2.78) > seeds (2.37), process foods comprised the following order: pastes (4.94) > kimchi (4.91) > dressing materials (4.50). Based on these results, elementary schools must improve methods for developing effective study materials for nutrition education which arc appropriate for each grade.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.84-98
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• 2004

Due to a publicly owned resources, the overexploitation of the fisheries resources can result in externalities in the form of reduced future levels of yield. These problems can be theoretically improved through effective management of the fishery. The paper illustrates maximum sustainable yield(MSY), maximum economic yield(MEY) and F0.1 level of fishing mortality as the concept of optimal yield, and it theoretically shows that MSY is more appropriate for the optimal yield than MEY where prices increase even though MEY achieves the maximization of economic rent in a fishery assuming constant prices. And the paper presents several fisheries management tools and policies such as input controls, output controls and taxes. As the traditional approach to fishery management, input controls involve restrictions on the physical inputs into the production process(e.g. capital, time or technology) and output controls involve limits on the quantity of fish that can be landed. To introduce user cost into the harvest decisions of rent-seeking fishers, taxation, as a bioeconomic management policy of the fisheries, directly addresses the problems associated with the resource being unpriced. As most fisheries management plans, however, have increasing fisher income as an objective, taxes have not been introduced into any fisheries management policies despite their theoretical attraction.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1651-1661
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to draw up a plan for improving working conditions of distant water fishing vessel crew in order to revitalize the declining distant water fishing industry. Land-based employment has increased as the result of industrialization, which in turn created shortage in marine crew supply for distant water fishing vessels. Pressure on increasing wages for sea farers is put on the industry for this reason, making the labour market in the distant water fishing industry tougher and tighter. Multiple issues have yet to be addressed for distant water fishing vessel crew. They suffer from excessive work compared to other industries. Crew management is another issue, as sea farers face poor labour conditions, working on board vessels in a collective way where no autonomous actions are allowed. Other issues include unqualified crew supply, increasing ratio of labour costs for crew to sales, and intensified implications of labour unions, which are as well making crew supply difficult as a whole. To this end, more well-qualified workers should take part in production operations in the distant water fishery. Both wage increase and working condition improvement should be achieved in order to strengthen motivation towards qualified sea farers. Sustainable crew supply can be achieved when working environments, gender-based working conditions, welfare are prioritized and improved as a whole.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2003

The present study was performed to investigate change in shimmer according to $F_{0}$ variation precisely, and to offer suggestions for a clinical application. The analysis for the present study was done by the fundamental frequency ($F_{0}$) and shimmer measurement results of the previous 120 Korean normal adults' voice study of Pyo et al. (2002), used three vowels, /i/, /a/, /and /u/. Through the analysis of 60 female samples from the previous study, we found that $F_{0}$ of the vowels was the highest in /u/, and the lowest in /a/, but, on the contrary, shimmer was highest in /a/and lowest in /u/. Thirty of 60 subjects showed such an inverse relationship between $F_{0}$ and shimmer, as a whole. In the vowel /a/, 47 of 60 subjects showed the increased $F_{0}$ and decreased shimmer, in /i/, 32 subjects, and in /u/, 33 subjects showed the same results. The decrease in shimmer means the improvement of voice quality, so by these results, we expect to answer the question why the patients with spasmodic dysphonia can improve their voice quality with increased pitched voice production.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.340-360
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• 2005

Fishery resource rents(i.e. windfall gains or excess profit), which tend to lead a variety of important economic, social, political problems, have been a fundamental cause of unbalance between fishery resource use and management. Thus, there may exist several sorts of optimal level of resource utilization such as economic maximum sustainable yield, biological maximum sustainable yield, social optimum production, socio-political optimum yield, etc. The fishery resource use level seems to a large extent to be determined by the characteristics of fishermen's rent seeking structure. As well known, fishery resources as common properties have a characteristic of being difficult to establish private property rights. Therefore, their use rights are controlled by the permit and/or the license system. As a result, absolute or differential rents are formed by the changes in institutional arrangements. Rent problems are often transformed into serious socio-political issues when the rent in a given industry is much higher to a socially unacceptable extent than the average of other industries. However, individual fishermen or fishermen's groups tend to behave aggressively to change the existing fishery institutions towards maximizing fishery rents. These rent-seeking behaviors often tend to nullify fishery management schemes. The larger is the relative rent difference between fisheries and other industries, the more aggressive tend to be the rent-seeking behaviors in fisheries.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.596-602
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• 2016

Experiments were carried out examine short-term effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and long-term effects of luteinising hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) on milt production of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. In the first experiment, each fish was implanted with a blank cholesterol pellet (control), 100 and $200{\mu}g$ LHRHa per kg body weight. In the second experiment, fish were injected with either 100, 200, 400 and 800 IU hCG per kg body weight or same volume of marine fish Ringer's solution. In the first experiment, milt volume was increased in male implanted with $200{\mu}g$ LHRHa pellet compared with other groups at day 10. Injection of 400 and 800 IU hCG resulted in an increase in the milt volume at hour 96 after the treatment. Although statistical difference is unable to confirm because of small milt volume, compared with the control group, hormone pellet-treated groups had a reduction in the mean spermatocrit (Sct) and sperm concentration (Sc). The results suggest that the increase in milt volume is at least partially gonadotropin (GtH)-dependent and increased milt volume has a relationship with milt hydration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.227-230
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• 2011

In this paper, we are proposed ECOPS(Energy Conserving optimal Path Schedule) algorithm that according to ALPS(Ad hoc network Localized Positioning System) algorithm the location information is received and the new head node is selected considering the energy efficiency. The proposed algorithm follows RODMRP(Resilient Ontology-based Dynamic Multicast Routing Protocol) structure, that is the hierarchic cluster structure. And by using the location information of the node, it maintains the cluster which the energy is efficient with the production. It increases the life time of the total routing structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2012

Culm cutting is very effective and convenient method for asexual propagation and even much less destructive than the other ways such as excavation of rhizomes. Despite that culm cutting is such a useful method, only few investigations for raising its efficiency have been carried out. We tried to examine the effect of different geographical populations and cutting sections on the shoot emergence, biomass production and its allocation in terms of cutting efficiency. Culms were sampled from three environmentally distinct wetlands : riparian marsh, salt marsh and montane fen and then they were cut separately into four sections from the bottom to the top part. Both factors of different population and section affected the shoot emergence together. Middle parts on the culm always showed more shoot emergence irrespective of different population. On the other hand, first section from salt marsh and fourth section from the montane fen did not exhibit any shoot emergence. Significant difference in increase of shoot emergence between different sections during investigation period was confirmed only from salt marsh population. Not only different population but also appropriate cutting section should be considered together for better efficiency in cutting of reed culms.