• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.637-649
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• 2011

Environmental protection has become more important than ever because of increasing environmental pollution and abnormal climatic changes caused by the depletion of resources from industrial activities. Fashion products can create various environmental pollutants during the production process. Since they are in direct contact with the body, the environment-friendly features for the fashion industry will become increasingly important and the necessity to execute a detailed study regarding the environment-friendly fashion marketing will also become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to segment the levels of environment-friendly fashion marketing mixes, that analyze the relationship between consumer decision-making factors and purchasing intentions. We propose effective several marketing strategies. A total of 457 questionnaires were analyzed using frequency analysis, t-tests, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and ANOVA in SPSS. The results are as follows: First, environment-friendly fashion products were segmented into four groups, environment-friendly materials, environment-friendly production, environment-friendly management, and recycling/ disuse of products. Second, the promotion of environment-friendly fashion products were highly ranked, followed by materials used, distribution methods, and production management. Third, women considered usage, management, and price for environment-friendly fashion products as more important than men did. Finally, a total of 39.4% of the respondents had purchased environment-friendly fashion products, with a preference to buy environment-friendly underwear, outerwear, bags, shoes, and accessories. By establishing and executing the environment-friendly fashion marketing mixes, fashion companies execute successful marketing activities in both domestic and international markets.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2002

Phosphogypsum is a by-product from the phosphoric acid process for manufacturing fertilizers. It consists mainly of $(CaSO_4.2H_2O)$ and contains some impurities such as$(P_2O_5)$, 불소$(F_-)$, and organic substances. The annual world production of this material is up to 150 million tons and is up to 1.57 million tons in Korea. Therefore studies describe application of phosphogypsum to daily and middle cover materials in landfill. For this Purpose, experiments were performed to evaluate the engineering properties of the material by sieve analysis, specific gravity, consistency of soil, compaction, CBR, permeability, mi environmental characteristics of leaching test, reactor test. The results of this study are as follows : The mixing and layer conditions of CBR value are 6.2~6.3%, coefficient of permeability is $\alpha$$\times10_{-5}~10_{-6}cm/sec$. And leaching test results are far below than those of regulatory requirement of Waste Management Act, Soil Environment Preservation Act in Korea and RCRA in USA. Therefore phosphogypsum can be used as daily and intermediate cover materials in landfill.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Red mud is an inorganic by-product produced from the mineral processing of alumina from Bauxite ores. The development of alkali-activated slag-red mud cement can be a representative study aimed at recycling the strong alkali of the red mud as a construction material. This study is to investigate the optimum water content, compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence of alkali-activated slag-red mud soil pavement according to binder type. The results showed that the optimum water content, moisture absorption coefficient and efflorescence area of alkali-activated slag-red mud soil pavement increased but the compressive strength of that decreased as the redmud content increased.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20
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• pp.41-48
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• 1997

We easily witness that environmental issue is very critical point to affluence upon a restructuring the value system of human being. Therefore it is obvious that this issue affluence upon the field of design as well. The most important feature of environmental issue is 'wholeness' in itself. It means that we have to approach and to solve it as a whole. Also, design is to be done at the same way. The creative professionalism of design could provide a clue to solve the problem, but designer are tend to seek a solution in a just partial way such as recycling and packaging. But those attitude may cause more problems and spread it futhermore. Therefore this study is analysis some recognitive turning factors in order to solve the problems as a whole, and to suggest a appropriate methods according to such a view point. Even internal retrospect in design itself or external demand from the other, If we look away this issue, the real purpose of design, contributing for society, should be diluted by ourselves.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 2017

Bacillus subtilis spores can be used for protein display to engineer protein properties. This method overcomes viability and protein-folding concerns associated with traditional protein display methods. Spores remain viable under extreme conditions and the genotype/phenotype connection remains intact. In addition, the natural sporulation process eliminates protein-folding concerns that are coupled to the target protein traveling through cell membranes. Furthermore, ATP-dependent chaperones are present to assist in protein folding. CotA was optimized as a whole-cell biocatalyst immobilized in an inert matrix of the spore. In general, proteins that are immobilized have advantages in biocatalysis. For example, the protein can be easily removed from the reaction and it is more stable. The aim is to improve the pH stability using spore display. The maximum activity of CotA is between pH 4 and 5 for the substrate ABTS (ABTS = diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). However, the activity dramatically decreases at pH 4. The activity is not significantly altered at pH 5. A library of approximately 3,000 clones was screened. A E498G variant was identified to have a half-life of inactivation ($t_{1/2}$) at pH 4 that was 24.8 times greater compared with wt-CotA. In a previous investigation, a CotA library was screened for organic solvent resistance and a T480A mutant was found. Consequently, T480A/E498G-CotA was constructed and the $t_{1/2}$ was 62.1 times greater than wt-CotA. Finally, E498G-CotA and T480A/E498G-CotA yielded 3.7- and 5.3-fold more product than did wt-CotA after recycling the biocatalyst seven times over 42 h.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.49-64
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• 1993

The present waste problems require a change of thinking with regard to conventional economics. It has been generally believed that competitive markets maximize social welfare. But, the other hand, a few economists argue that "the competitive markets cannot always be relied on to provide all goods in the efficient amount." One of the best examples of the latter contention is the environmental problem. What is the basic thinking of the conventional economics that causes this problems \ulcorner What is the present problem that requires the change of conventional economic thinking \ulcorner The environmental problem result from the conventional economic thinking such as pursuing the limitless of the Gross National Product(GNP), believing the increasing returns in economics of scale and the efficiency of competitive market. This economic principles, howe- ver, does not apply currently to public goods, especially environmental amenity and natural resource because the price of markets does not reflect the natural goods of services. We call this eternality. Externalizes are no considered by either buyers or sellers of goods of which production or use results in an eternality. This leads to market failure are causes an waste problem in the economic activities. Today, it is almost impossible to say in a word what the solution for waste problems is because they are by-products complicated and entangled human activities. In this paper, I have introduced the causes of environmental problems only from the economic point of view. I have also described the needs of conversion of conventional economic thinking. Firstly, sustainable development, maintaining the natural resources, should be the basis of the economic growth rather that pursuing the limitless growth of GNP. Secondly, an appropriate scale of human's production activity should be taken into account to reduce the impact to the natural environment. Thirdly, internalization of eternality is asked to correct the market failure. This requires the public policy such as imposing a talsubsidy, assigning a property right or implement a more detailed environmental quality standard through, because use of the natural resources can be. allocated optimally by the intervention of government or social associations.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.227-231
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• 2009

Recently, the global warming phenomenon has been taken notice of. The global warming phenomenon has given enormous bad impact to social economic fields as well as ecological areas by rising sea levels and weather calamities. To cope with the phenomenon most developed countries adopted the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the target of the Kyoto Protocol, the developed countries are operating organization-run green quality assurance and labelling systems with their standardized methods to evaluate the environmental and greenhouse gas impact for ICT products and services. This paper introduces several countries standards which can be applied to evaluate the reduction effect of greenhouse gas emission and green ICT quality assurance which also can be applicable for recycling and managing of ICT products. This paper is expected to be used as a policy data for ICT related government bodies and industry areas.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.122-131
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• 2001

Pakistan being the 6$^{th}$ largest sugar producer has over 75 sugar mills with annual production capacity of about 2.4 million tons during 1996-97. The contribution of Sindh with 27 sugar mills is recorded over 50% of the total sugar production. The majority of the mills in Pakistan use the Defecation-Remelt-Phosphitation (DRP; 24 mills), Defecation-Remelt-Carbonation (DRC; 21 mills) and Defecation-Remelt Carbonation and Sulphitation (DRCS; 11 mills) process. Seven of the 75 sugar mills in Pakistan also produce industrial alcohol from molasses, a by- product of sugar manufacturing process. These sugar industries also produce fly ash, which have been found to contain unburned carbon and reach as far as four-kilo meter area with the wind direction, threatening the community health of people living around, besides posing other aesthetic problems. The untreated wastewater, in many cases, finds its way to open surface drains causing serious threat to livestock, flora and fauna. One study showed that fly ash emitted from the chimneys contain particle size ranging from 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 1000 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. About 50 per cent of each fly ash samples were above 300 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and were mostly unburned Carbon particles, which produced 85% weight loss on burning in air atmosphere at 1000${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. This fly ash (mostly carbon) was the main cause of many health and aesthetic problems in the sugar mill vicinity. The environmental challenge for the local sugar mills is associated with liquid waste gaseous emission and solid waste. This paper discusses various waste recycling technologies and practices in sugar industries of Pakistan. The application of EM technology and Biogas technology has proved very successful in reusing the sugar industry wastewater and mud, which otherwise were going waste.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2349-2356
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• 2014

The recycling technology by the catalytic conversion is one of the most promising techniques for the $CO_2$ treatment of coal burning power plant flue gases. The conversion of $CO_2$ to valuable product of $CH_4$ can be used as a fuel to run the turbine for electricity generation. Through this technique, the amount of coal needed for the combustion in a gas turbine can be reduced as well as $CO_2$ emissions. Therefore, a series of catalysts based on cerium oxide doped with copper, nickel and manganese were prepared by impregnation method. From the characterization analysis, it showed that the prepared catalysts calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ were amorphous in structure with small particle size in the range below 100 nm. Meanwhile, the catalyst particles were aggregated and agglomerated with higher surface area of $286.70m^2g^{-1}$. By increasing the calcination temperature of catalysts to $1000^{\circ}C$, the particle sizes were getting bigger (> 100 nm) and having moderate crystallinity with lower surface area ($67.90m^2g^{-1}$). From the catalytic testing among all the prepared catalysts, Mn/Ce-75/$Al_2O_3$ calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ was assigned as the most potential catalyst which gave 49.05% and 56.79% $CO_2$ conversion at reaction temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.523-539
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• 2017

Clay soils are typical for their swelling properties upon absorption of water during rains and development of cracks during summer time owing to the profile desorption of water through the inter-connected soil pores by water vapour diffusion leading to evaporation. This type of unstable soil phenomenon by and large poses a serious threat to the strength and stability of structures when rest on such type of soils. Even as lime and cement are extensively used for stabilization of clay soils it has become imperative to find relatively cheaper alternative materials to bring out the desired properties within the clay soil domain. In the present era of catastrophic environmental degradation as a side effect to modernized manufacturing processes, industrialization and urbanization the creative idea would be treating the waste products in a beneficial way for reuse and recycling. Bottom ash and ecosand are construed as a waste product from cement industry. An optimal combination of bottom ash-eco sand can be thought of as a viable alternative to stabilize the clay soils by means of an effective dispersion dynamics associated with the inter connected network of pore spaces. A CATIA model was created and imported to ANSYS Fluent to study the dispersion dynamics. Ion migration from the bottom ash-ecosand pile was facilitated through natural formation of cracks in clay soil subjected to atmospheric conditions. Treated samples collected at different curing days from inner and outer zones at different depths were tested for, plasticity index, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), free swell index, water content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH and ion concentration to show the effectiveness of the method in improving the clay soil.