• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2022

Rinse & Chill^® technology (RCT) entails rinsing the vasculature using a chilled isotonic solution (3℃; 98.5% water and a blend of dextrose, maltose, and sodium phosphates) to rinse out the residual blood from the carcass. Infusion of pre-chilled solutions into intact animal carcasses immediately upon exsanguination is advantageous in terms of lowering the internal muscle temperature and accelerating chilling. This technology is primarily used for purposes of effective blood removal, favorable pH decline, and efficient carcass chilling, all of which improve meat quality and safety. Although RCT solution contains some substrates, the pre-rigor muscle is still physiologically active at the time of early postmortem and vascular rinsing. Consequently, these substrates are fully metabolized by the muscle, leaving no detectable residues in meat. The technology has been commercially approved and in continuous use since 2000 in the United States and since 1997 in Australia. As of January 2022, 23 plants have implemented RCT among the 5 countries (Australia, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan) that have evaluated and approved RCT. All plants are operating under sound Sanitation Standard Operation Procedures (SSOP) and a sound Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program. No food safety issues have been reported associated with the use of this technology. RCT has been adapted by the meat industry to improve product safety and meat quality while improving economic performance. Therefore, this review summarizes highlights of how RCT technically works on a variety of animal types (beef, bison, pork, and lamb).

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.815-825
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• 2023

Purpose: This paper aims to explore approaches for obtaining KOLAS certification for masks developed as protective equipment for use during evacuation processes in the event of a radiation disaster involving residents within a radiation emergency planning zone. Method: Various reports, papers, and data from the KOLAS accreditation bodies' websites were examined for this study. Result: Although domestic radiation disaster preparedness measures have been established to enhance resident protection, the distribution of protective equipment is limited to thyroid protection drugs. Supplementary support items like masks are necessary to prepare for radiation disasters. Currently, there is no KOLAS-accredited certification body for radiation protection masks. Conclusion: For masks that have established performance certification criteria, a dual process is required for KOLAS certification. This involves obtaining an official test report as an industrial respirator mask, receiving certification, and then obtaining a general test report based on internal standards.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

This study was carried out to provide basic data for efficient park management by analysing visitors' satisfaction factors and estimated regression model through questionnaire survey method at Taeanhaean National Park in Korea. Performance(satisfaction) variables as 'touting', 'illegal merchant', 'noise', 'indiscreet use' and 'collection of natural plants or animals', and Importance variables as 'littering problem', 'water pollution act', 'careless cooking' and 'exorbitant pay' were relatively high score. It was clarified that the 'souvenir & special product', 'lack of use program' 'lack of public facility', 'lack of information facility', and 'lack of commercial facility' were 'concentrate here' ones by the Importance-Performance analysis. 'Facility management', 'Use management' and 'Resource management' factors were found out by Factor Analysis and the 'Facility management' was the biggest factor accounting for 32.6% of all. In the estimated model by Multiple Regression Analysis, 'lack of employee's guidance or kindness', 'lack of convenience facility', 'noise', 'lack of facilities to stay' and 'charge of user fee, parking fee' were the variables to impact visitors' satisfaction and to need concentrated management. These results were unique characteristics of marine national park and then the different management strategy and policy from mountain national park were necessary.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2009

The standardization of marketing has been one of the most focused research topics in international marketing. The term "global marketing" was often used to mean an internationally standardized marketing strategy based on similarities between foreign markets. Marketing standardization was discussed only within the context of traditional physical marketplaces. Since then, the digital "marketspace" of the Internet had emerged in the 90's, and it became one of the most important drivers of the globalization process opening new opportunities for the standardization of global marketing activities. On the other hand, the opinion that a greater adoption of the Internet by customers may lead to a higher degree of customization and differentiation of products rather than standardization is also quite popular. Considering this disagreement, it is notable that comprehensive studies which focus upon the marketing standardization especially in the context of global e-commerce are missing to a high degree. On this background, the two basic research questions being addressed in this study are: (1) To what extent do companies standardize their marketing in international e-commerce? (2) Is there an impact of marketing standardization on the performance (or success) of these companies? Following research hypotheses were generated based upon literature review: H 1: Internationally engaged e-commerce firms show a growing readiness for marketing standardization. H 2: Marketing standardization exerts positive effects on the success of companies in international e-commerce. H 3: In international e-commerce, marketing mix standardization exerts a stronger positive effect on the economic as well as the non-economic success of companies than marketing process standardization. H 4: The higher the non-economic success in international e-commerce firms, the higher the economic success. The data for this research were obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted from February to April 2005. The international e-commerce companies of various industries in Germany and all subsidiaries or headquarters of foreign e-commerce companies based in Germany were included in the survey. 118 out of 801 companies responded to the questionnaire. For structural equation modelling (SEM), the Partial-Least. Squares (PLS) approach in the version PLS-Graph 3.0 was applied (Chin 1998a; 2001). All of four research hypotheses were supported by result of data analysis. The results show that companies engaged in international e-commerce standardize in particular brand name, web page design, product positioning, and the product program to a high degree. The companies intend to intensify their efforts for marketing mix standardization in the future. In addition they want to standardize their marketing processes also to a higher degree, especially within the range of information systems, corporate language and online marketing control procedures. In this study, marketing standardization exerts a positive overall impact on company performance in international e-commerce. Standardization of marketing mix exerts a stronger positive impact on the non-economic success than standardization of marketing processes, which in turn contributes slightly stronger to the economic success. Furthermore, our findings give clear support to the assumption that the non-economic success is highly relevant to the economic success of the firm in international e-commerce. The empirical findings indicate that marketing standardization is relevant to the companies' success in international e-commerce. But marketing mix and marketing process standardization contribute to the firms' economic and non-economic success in different ways. The findings indicate that companies do standardize numerous elements of their marketing mix on the Internet. This practice is in part contrary to the popular concept of a "differentiated standardization" which argues that some elements of the marketing mix should be adapted locally and others should be standardized internationally. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the overall standardization of marketing -rather than the standardization of one particular marketing mix element - is what brings about a positive overall impact on success.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1972

There is an urgent need to improve the tool predicting success or failure of academic achievement of nursing in Korea so as to identify as early as possible those students who should receive special instruction and to improve screening procedures for admission of nursing. The main purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the grade point averages of courses learned and their psychological test characteristics in a baccalaureate nursing program. All 240 students, except freshmen, enrolled in Nursing Department of Seoul National University in the spring semester, 1972, participated in this study. All of the subjects completed the psychometric tests such as interest test, personality test and test of self-concept. Total grade point averages, grade point averages of general education subjects, of supporting science courses and of professional education subjects were used as performance criteria of the students. Through the calculation of product-moment correlation coefficients between the test scores and four grade point averages of each class and of total subjects, the following findings and recommendations were obtained. 1. There was so much variation in characteristics of interest test correlated with academic achievement of nursing students in each class. 2. Since the school objectives, curriculum and teaching strategies may affect predictive efficiency of characteristics of students'interest test, interest test must-be utilized in a homogeneous group in order to predict school achievement. 3. Characteristics of interest test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages of all subjects were scientific interest-biological, scientific interest-physical, and humanitarian interest. Scientific interest-physics: was the only characteristic positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses. 4. There were various patterns in characteristics of personality test correlated with school achievement of nursing students by class pattern and personality maturation as they progress toward higher classes. 5. A characteristic of personality test, responsibility, is in high positive correlation with academic achievement in the upper division of classes. 6. Responsibility was the sole personality factor positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses in the total number of students. 7. There were very different correlation coefficients between characteristics of self-concept test and academic achievement according to the type of each class and type of courses they learned. 8. Characteristics of self-concept test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses of all students were physical self and row variability. Those who have positive concept on their own physical status and who are deficient in self-concept were higher in total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses than other students. 9. Scores of professional courses offered in freshmen and sophomore classes were in positive correlation with limited number of characteristics of psychological tests. In pursuit of a tool predicting successful academic achievement of nursing students, their G.P.A. during the junior and senior year of nursing will serve as the more reasonable criteria. 10. Junior students of this school were in higher positive correlation with many psychological factors than other classes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2009

In this study, a simulation program has been developed to predict the performance of energy recovery ventilators fur various indoor and outdoor conditions. In order to get a fundamental data about domestic air condition, the heat recovery ventilator is selected with the product of the wind quantity $250m^3/h$ Japanese M companies which are satisfied at High Efficiency Certification Standards. At the case on which the heat recovery ventilator is established, heating load decreases by 69.1% and cooling load decreases by 59.4% in Seoul, and heating load decreases by 66.4% and cooling load decreases by 59.6% in Pusan. The maximum humidification load of winter or summer time with $0.737{\ell}/h$ or $1.008{\ell}/h$ occurred in March from Kangnung or August from Mokpo respectively. In Southern part region and East Sea of winter time, the condensation or frost on exhaust side dose not occurred on exhaust side, but the area of that outside is occurred. Therefore, the preventive measure from the area except a southern part region and the east coast area must be considered, in order to condense or frost not to occur on exhaustion side in winter.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2008

Domestic construction industry accounts about 15% of Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and Korean government spends approximately 50 trillion won per year for public infrastructure projects. Effective management of public construction projects would result in cost saving and enhance financial stability of the government. In doing so, the government promoted a new budgeting system, Continual Budget Method(CBM) as a part of public project performance enhancement program published in 1999. This research mainly attempted to investigate and analyze the impact of new budgeting in term of cost and schedule performance. Based on the analysis result of n2 projects. The new budgeting system could save project cost by 9.83y. Due to the saving of indirect costs from reduction. Although limited government budget cannot allow all the projects to be excuted with the new budgeting system, the new budgeting system should be more-widely utilized in the public sector because of its proven benefits from this research.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 2019

This study analyzed various factors of influence affecting the will to start a business and established and empirically analyzed a research model to see which factors significantly affect the will to start a business. To this end, we investigated the general characteristics and experiences of individuals, conducted a study on the will to start a business, and analyzed the entrepreneurship passion for startups, the ability to find business opportunities, and the ability to connect with partner companies. The intent to start a business survey was investigated in a recertive style with a 7 point scale, and the reliability and feasibility review were analyzed through the PLS analysis method, which enables the implementation of a measurement model and a structural model. To collect valid data, the survey was conducted using an entrepreneurial curriculum class hours to collect and analyze 421 data. In summary, the results are as follows: First, college students have many opportunities to develop their capabilities through competitions held by universities and support institutions, and by utilizing them, they have no fear of starting a business. Second, the ability of students to discover product clients themselves has been improved by fostering entrepreneurship in the special lectures on startup in universities. Third, it can be seen that it has received various information on startups from support agencies to enhance its commitment to startups. The implications are as follows. First, they should foster entrepreneurship among college students by offering practical oriented courses that can broaden their understanding of startups. Second, it needs to be improved from entrepreneurial enthusiasm to a program that can grow into a company that can collaborate with partner companies and confirm its commitment to corporate establishment and product development and determine market opportunities. Third, it is necessary to establish an ecosystem of start-ups that can carry out systematic planning and performance management as it is weak to carry out projects with will to startups.

• Korean small business review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.19-37
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to explore differences between small and medium-sized companies and large-sized companies in the impact of human resource innovativeness(HRI), learning orientation(LO), and HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance. Although learning orientation has long been considered as a key factor influencing good performance of a business, little research was devoted to exploring the effect of HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance. In this study, it is investigated whether there is a synergy effect between innovative human workforce and learning orientation corporate culture, in addition to each by itself, to generate good business performance as well as a success of new innovations in the market. Research hypotheses were as follows, including H1) human resource innovativeness(HRI), learning orientation(LO), and interactions of HRI and LO(HRI-LO interaction) positively affect innovation effect, H2) there is a difference of the effect of HRI, LO, and HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect between large-sized and small-sized companies, H3) HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, innovation effect positively affect business performance, and H4) there is a difference of the effect of HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, and innovation effect on business performance between large-sized and small-sized companies. Data were obtained from 479 practitioners through a web survey since the web survey is an efficient method to collect a national data at a variety of fields. A single respondent from a company was allowed to participate in the study after checking whether they have more than 5-year work experiences in the company. To check whether a common source bias is existed in the sample, additional data from a convenient sample of 97 companies were gathered through the traditional survey method, and were used to confirm correlations between research variables of the original sample and the additional sample. Data were divided into two groups according to company size, such as 352 small and medium-sized companies with less than 300 employees and 127 large-sized companies with 300 or more employees. Data were analyzed through t-test and regression analyses. HRI which is the innovativeness of human resources in the company was measured with 9 items assessing the innovativenss of practitioners in staff, manager, and executive-level positions. LO is the company's effort to encourage employees' development, sharing, and utilizing of knowledge through consistent learning. LO was measured by 18 items assessing commitment to learning, vision sharing, and open-mindedness. Innovation effect which assesses a success of new products/services in the market, was measured with 3 items. Business performance was measured by respondents' evaluations on profitability, sales increase, market share, and general business performance, compared to other companies in the same field. All items were measured by using 6-point Likert scales. Means of multiple items measuring a construct were used as variables based on acceptable reliability and validity. To reduce multi-collinearity problems generated on the regression analysis of interaction terms, centered data were used for HRI, LO, and Innovation effect on regression analyses. In group comparison, large-sized companies were superior on annual sales, annual net profit, the number of new products/services in the last 3 years, the number of new processes advanced in the last 3 years, and the number of R&D personnel, compared to small and medium-sized companies. Also, large-sized companies indicated a higher level of HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, innovation effect and business performance than did small and medium-sized companies. The results indicate that large-sized companies tend to have more innovative human resources and invest more on learning orientation than did small-sized companies, therefore, large-sized companies tend to have more success of a new product/service in the market, generating better business performance. In order to test research hypotheses, a series of multiple-regression analysis was conducted. In the regression analysis examining the impact on innovation effect, important results were generated as : 1) HRI, LO, and HRI-LO affected innovation effect, and 2) company size indicated a moderating effect. Based on the result, the impact of HRI on innovation effect would be greater in small and medium-sized companies than in large-sized companies whereas the impact of LO on innovation effect would be greater in large-sized companies than in small and medium-sized companies. In other words, innovative workforce would be more important in making new products/services that would be successful in the market for small and medium-sized companies than for large-sized companies. Otherwise, learning orientation culture would be more effective in making successful products/services for large-sized companies than for small and medium-sized companies. Based on these results, research hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported. In the analysis of a regression examining the impact on business performance, important results were generated as : 1) innovation effect, LO, and HRI-LO affected business performance, 2) HRI by itself did not have a direct effect on business performance regardless of company size, and 3) company size indicated a moderating effect. Specifically, an effect of the HRI-LO interaction on business performance was stronger in large-sized companies than in small and medium-sized companies. It means that the synergy effect of innovative human resources and learning orientation culture tends to be stronger as company is larger. Referring to these result, research hypothesis 3 was partially supported whereas hypothesis 4 was supported. Based on research results, implications for companies were generated. Regardless of company size, companies need to develop the learning orientation corporate culture as well as human resources' innovativeness together in order to achieve successful development of innovative products and services as well as to improve sales and profits. However, the effectiveness of the HRI-LO interaction would be varied by company size. Specifically, the synergy effect of HRI-LO was stronger to make a success of new products/services in small and medium-sized companies than in large-sized companies. However, the synergy effect of HRI-LO was more effective to increase business performance of large-sized companies than that of small and medium-sized companies. In the case of small and medium-sized companies, business performance was achieved more through the success of new products/services than much directly affected by HRI-LO. The most meaningful result of this study is that the effect of HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance was confirmed. It was often ignored in the previous research. Also, it was found that the innovativeness of human workforce would not directly influence in generating good business performance, however, innovative human resources would indirectly affect making good business performance by contributing to achieving the development of new products/services that would be successful in the market. These findings would provide valuable managerial implications specifically in regard to the development of corporate culture and education program of small and medium-sized as well as large-sized companies in a variety of fields.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.495-498
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose an DAP system for dose evaluation of medical and industrial X-ray generator. Based on the DAP measurement technique using the Ion-Chamber, the proposed system can clearly measure the exposure radiation dose generated by the diagnostic X-ray apparatus. The hardware part of the DAP measures the amount of charge in the air that is captured by an X-ray. The high-speed processing algorithm part for cumulative radiation dose measurement through microcurrent measures the amount of charge captured by X-ray at a low implementation cost (power) with no input loss. The wired/wireless transmission/reception protocol part synchronized with the operation of the X-ray generator improves communication speed. The PC-based control program part for interlocking and aging measures the amount of X-ray generated in real time and enables measurement graphs and numerical value monitoring through PC GUI. As a result of evaluating the performance of the proposed system in an accredited testing laboratory, the measured values using DAP increased linearly in each energy band (30, 60, 100, 150 kV). In addition, since the standard deviation of the measured value at the point of 4 division was ${\pm}1.25%$, it was confirmed that the DAP showed uniform measurements regardless of location. It was confirmed that the normal operation was not less than ${\pm}4.2%$ of the international standard.