• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.159-172
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• 1999

Relationships between socio-demographic variables and parents' education invest-ment motivation variables and extra-class private education expenditures were examined using a sample of 602 households in Inchon Korea. Tobit analysis was used. Singal-cognitive motivation parents' duty motivation household income housing asset father's occupation class and number of children had significant effects on extra-class private education expenditures on general high school students. To alleviate overspending in extra-class private education diploma pursuing society has to be changed and formal school education need to be properly functioning. Finally parents seek new child education paradigm for the creative labor demand in the next millenium.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to compare prenatal education programs for anxiety and labor efficacy in third trimester women. Method: The subjects were 95 primigravida who attended a prenatal education program at H and B hospital in Kyounggi province and a health center in Chungbuk province and in the Incheon metropolitan area. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, and trait and state anxiety, and labor efficacy were measured. The data was analyzed by frequency, mean, and paired t-test. Result: In this study, there was a high level of anxiety in the primigravida. After the program, only state anxiety was decreased significantly at the attendants of the health center. Labor efficacy was a little increased, but this was not significant. Anxiety was increased and labor efficacy was decreased in the attendant of a private hospital. Conclusion: These education programs were not so effective to decrease anxiety and to increase labor efficacy. For on effective program to increase labor efficacy, it is necessary to standardize prenatal education program content and to revise it to decrease state anxiety closer to delivery. It is necessary to discover why these programs were not effective.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-97
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• 2017

This paper estimates the public and private sector wage gap trend from 2000 to 2014 using 'Korean Labor and Income Panel Study.' We account for unobserved fixed effect by using 1st differencing log wage in order to allow the gap to vary over time. Standard OLS estimates present the public sector wage is 10% higher than private sector on average. Moreover, the public sector wage premium displays the inverted V shape: sharply increasing up to 2006 and decreasing from 2007 to 2014. However, after controlling unobserved fixed effect, the public sector wage premium disappears and does not display the inverted V shape any more.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.345-353
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• 2021

The impact of investment on economic growth has been studied by many authors around the world with different times and research methods. Therefore, there are conflicting opinions about the impact of investment on economic growth. To contribute empirical evidence, the objective of this study is to assess the impact of investment sources such as public investment, private investment, and foreign direct investment on economic growth in Vietnam in the short-run and long-run. The data used for the study is panel data from 63 Vietnamese provinces between 2000 and 2020. The inquiry method is PMG (Pool Mean Group) regression for economic growth (GDP) after testing the stationarity of the variables that meet the PMG regression condition as suggested by Pesaran et al. (1996) and Hamuda et al. (2013). The results show that: factors such as labor and trade openness have a negative impact on economic growth in the short term. In the long run, public investment has a negative effect on economic growth, while domestic private investment, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and labor have positive effects on economic growth. Labour contributes the most, followed by trade openness, foreign direct investment, and domestic private investment. Finally, the study provides policy implications for the Government of Vietnam.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.137-179
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• 2018

To reduce labor market discrimination, there are lively discussions about the role of extant labor regime based on labor unions. It includes both the critical perspective on extant labor movement and the necessity of new actors for resolving discriminations within labor market. Among new actors, the present study focuses on contingent labor centers. Specifically, we have investigated on the development and identity of contingent labor centers as coalition of local government-labor organization. The core content of this study is to reconstruct the activities and strategies of contingent labor centers throughout the longitudinal approach. From many evidences, we can confirm that contingent labor centers have evolved via three phases such as differentiation, de- politicizing, and networks. This finding also provides insights about inside relationships between contingent labor centers and outside tensions between contingent labor center and extant labor organizations. We finally discuss on the theoretical implications of contingent labor center as new actor for contingent worker movement.

• Journal of the Korea society of information convergence
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2014

Capitalism of altitude in modern society has brought a brilliant development of human civilization. But there is a side effect of capitalism. It is just such as alienation of labor, polarization. The need to consider the worker's equal rights to share profits of private companies in the first Korean Constitution of 1948 is to mitigate the adverse effects of this capitalism. It is considered that the present government aims at "economic democracy" slogan and also be matched. The worker's equal rights to share profits of private companies means the distribution rights of workers to receive excess profits of the company. The review of these worker's equal rights to share profits of private companies is thought very meaningful.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.19
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• pp.49-81
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• 2006

The private college education plays a crucial role both in training and supplying manpower needed for national economic growth and in increasing employability and personal labor earnings of individual workers. In oder for private college education to effectively respond to the rapid changes in industrial and occupational structures, it is necessary to secure appropriate level of investment funds and manage them efficiently. For this, it is required to discuss the structure, magnitude and management mechanism of the current private college education finance, changes in future demand for private college education and resultant changes in budget estimates, and new financial resources and allocation schemes. This study attempted to analyze current status and problems of private college education finance in Korea and, based on this analysis, to suggest future policy directions to improve private college education finance system. In order to make the private college education system in Korea competent and competitive enough to survive in international market, it is prerequisite to provide enough budget for the private college education and to manage the private college education finance in more efficient ways. First, for securing the adequacy and stability of investment budget for the private college education, it is recommended to 1) increase the government budget and put emphasis on the private college education; 2) diversify financial resources and induce financial contribution from private sector such as school juridical persons and enterprises. Second, for higher efficiency of financial management, it is recommended 1) make valid allocation standards and mechanism; 2) introduce competition system; 3) develop and utilize evaluation mechanism for the private college education finance to check adequacy, efficiency, accountability, and effectiveness; 4) apply consumer-oriented financial management scheme. In addition to the above policy measures, it is necessary to 1) make scientific forecasts of industrial and occupational structures periodically and apply these analyses to medium & long-term the private college education planning; and 2) redesign budget accounting system and develop the private college education performance indicators for the evaluation of accountability of the private college education institutions and administration institutes.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.31-56
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• 2015

This study compares the relative effectiveness of private tutoring and self-directed learning on the formation of cognitive (academic achievement on Korean, math, and English) and noncognitive skills (friendship, self esteem, creative personality, and motivation) of primary and secondary school students in Seoul. The results show that private tutoring has positive but diminishing effects on cognitive skill formation with no effects on noncognitive skill formation, while self-directed learning has positive effects on both cognitive and noncognitive skill formation.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2011

The study intends to conduct an analysis of relations between efficiency of investment to human resources and the operating margin in hospitals. The analyzed results are as follows: First, it is found out that an index related to labor productivity(the monthly value added per bed, the value added ratio to gross revenue), and an index for efficiency of human resources(value added to personnel expenses), do not have a significant difference by years. Second, labor productivity, indicating the efficiency of human resources, does not have a significant difference between regions and between hospital types. But there is a significant difference according to types of establishment: private hospitals have higher labor productivity(efficiency of human resources) than corporate hospitals. The hospital size is small have significantly higher labor productivity. As a result of a follow-up check, it is found out that there is separation between a group with more than 200 beds and a group with less than 200 beds. Third, at the relations between the indices related to value-added productivity and the operating margin that the higher the value added ratio to gross revenue and the higher labor productivity, the higher the operating margin. Especially, labor productivity(value added to personnel expenses), an index for the efficiency of human resources, out of all the indices related value added productivity, has the most significant influence on the operating margin.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.109-129
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was the acquisition of the optimum scale of the apportionment of standard & high-class bed for the maximum profit representative of the desire of customers in a General Hospital with 1,100 beds located in Seoul. This investigation was proceeded by the analysis of the result of the simulation with the survey of both the patients' needs for bed and the degree of the medical service by the grade of the ward. And finally the consequence was obtained as follows: 1. The result of the investigation of the inpatients' preference for the grade of ward classes shows that a private ward reflected 4.3 percent, a semi-private ward 1.7 percent, a three-bed ward 0.1 percent, and a ward with six beds 93.9 percent each other. 2. A questionnaire poll was paralleled of service terms of a medical doctor and a nurse by ward class, the data were used for the standard of the allotment of labor cost by the ward class. The poll shows that the service tenn of a medical doctor and a nurse based on a ward with six beds by ward class showed 1.7 times in internal medicine and 1.9 times in surgery at a private ward; 1.4 times in internal medicine and 1.7 times in surgery at a semi-private room; and 1.2 times both in internal medicine and in surgery at a three-bed ward 3. The resultant findings revealed the most profit per bed and per patient in a private ward. However, an analysis of profit with a standard of unit area by ward class represented a higher profit in both the internal medicine and the surgery semi-private ward than other ward classes. 4. The result of the analysis through simulation based on the data of the prime cost per the ward class proved the optimum scale of the distribution of beds by class as follows: sixteen beds of the internal medicine and twenty three beds of the surgery in the private ward; two hundreds and two of the internal medicine and one hundred and ninety eight of the surgery in the semi-private room; three of both the internal medicine and the surgery each other in the three-bed ward; one hundred and ninety eight of the internal medicine and two hundred and fifty two of the surgery in the ward with six beds. The result of this research exhibits that the income and expenditure of the hospital could be improved by changing parts of wards into private ones(containing the maximum profit per a unit of width) in case the scale of the number of beds is reset with the consideration of the profit per the unit width. In the near future it's strongly expected that the research for the more scientific standard of the allotment of labour cost by ward class and for definition of the optimum scale of the number of beds that actualize the maximum profit with the change of the three elements of the prime cost: cost of materials; labor costs; management expenses.