• 제목/요약/키워드: Primary production efficiency

검색결과 124건 처리시간 0.029초

농촌생활환경정비 대상 시설항목의 선정: 정책적 제안 (The Policy Proposal for Selecting Facility-stems of Rural Living Environment Renewal Program)

  • 윤원근;이상문
    • 농촌계획
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.8-19
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    • 1998
  • The problem of outdated and surplus facility-items in existing Rural Living Environment Renewal Program(RLERP) makes this study focus on restricting the range of facility sorts for the purpose of coㅁins with the changing rural living environment. In the four aspects of plan establishment, project implementation, comprehensiveness and linkage between programs, this study made an analysis of the existing RLERP that has 4-stage hierarchy, namely, Gun(county), Myun(primary administrative district), village and project site level Firstly, Myun and upper level policy programs fulfill the comprehensiveness and planning aspects, but have defects in the implementation and linkage aspects. Secondly, the village level programs satisfies more or less the four condition, but give rise to the problems of equity between the project target village and the non-target, and of generalization of the planning method applying to a specific village. At last, project level programs, controlled by several ministries, have defects in comprehensiveness and linkage aspects, exposing the sectoralism of central government. Above all, the existing RLERP has so many facility items, which have led to inefficient investment till now. Therefore, it's necessary that the environmental facilities should be selected(simultaneously reduced ), referring to following 5 criteria. (1) Exception of facilities relating to agricultural production. (2) Confined to public facilities to be constructed by government support. (3) Common-use facilities located in small town and below level area. (4) Consideration of not only the present need but also the future need of rural residents. (5) Reflection of a regional difference of mountain, plane and suburban area. Just 13 kinds of living environmental facilities are finally selected as the result of the selecting work, which can be an new alternative for RLERP. Concludingly, the selected facility items should be integrated into a designated project site by the prepared plan in order to enhance the efficiency of RLERP, investment and also to satisfy the four analytic aspects mentioned above.

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한국 김제의 벼 경작 시스템의 기후스마트농업 (Climate-Smart Agriculture) 기반의 평가 (Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)-Based Assessment of a Rice Cultivation System in Gimje, Korea)

  • 모하마드 사미울 아산 탈룩더;김준;심교문
    • 한국농림기상학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.235-250
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구에서는 '한국 김제의 전형적인 벼 경작 시스템이 기후스마트농업(CSA)의 삼중 도전에 어떻게 부합하고 있는가?'라는 질문에 답하기 위해, (1) 벼 경작 시스템의 에너지, 물, 탄소 및 정보의 흐름을 직접 관측하였고, (2) 생산성/효율성, 온실가스 방출/흡수 및 회복성을 평가할 수 있는 다양한 측정도구(metrics)를 사용하여 기후스마트농업의 관점에서 평가하였다. 국내 플럭스 관측망인 KoFlux 관측지의 하나인 김제의 대표적인 벼 경작 시스템에서 3년간(2011, 2012, 2014)의 생육기간 동안 에디공분산 기술을 사용하여 에너지, 물, 이산화탄소 및 메탄 플럭스의 흐름을 모니터링하였다. 생산 효율성 평가를 위해서는 총일차생산량(GPP), 생태계 호흡량(RE), 곡물 수확량, 빛사용효율(LUE), 물사용효율(WUE), 및 탄소흡수효율(CUE)을 지표로 사용하였다. 온실가스 정량화를 위해서는, 이산화탄소 플럭스(FCO2)와 메탄 플럭스(FCH4)의 경우 직접 관측한 자료를 사용하였고, 아산화질소 플럭스(FN2O)는 IPCC지침에 따라 간접적으로 산출한 자료를 사용하였다. 회복성 평가를 위해서는 자기-조직화(self-organization, S) 지표를 사용하였으며, 벼 경작 시스템에서 가장 포괄적인 세 과정(총일차생산, 메탄플럭스, 증발산)을 대상으로 정보이론을 사용하여 정량화 하였다. 결과에 따르면, 3년 간의 생육 기간 중 2011년이 상대적으로 CSA 삼중 목표를 모두 성취하였으나, 이어지는 2012년과 2014년에 모두 생산량이 감소하고 온실가스 방출이 크게 증가하여 기후스마트 한 관리가 이루어지지 않은 것으로 보인다. 3년 생육기간을 평균한 CSA 지표의 값과 범위의 경우, 생산성에 관련된 지표들은 문헌에 보고된 다른 연구 결과와 비교할 때 대부분 중-상위의 범위에 속했으나, 온실가스 완화의 경우 평균 이하였고, 회복성은 높았지만 보고된 자료가 없어 비교하지 못했다. 기후스마트한 벼재배를 위해서는, 1) 이해 관계자들이 함께 목적에 맞게 목표의 우선순위를 정하고('거버넌스'), 2) CSA 지표를 분석한 결과로부터 얻어진 되먹임(feedback) ('모니터링') 정보를 기반으로, 3) 상황에 맞는 적절한 개입('관리'), 즉 거버넌스/관리/모니터링의 삼합으로 이루어지는 비저니어링이 필요함을 시사한다.

폐플라스틱 열분해 재생유의 불안정한 요인 규명과 무수탄산나트륨으로 품질 향상 (A Close Examination of Unstability and a Quality Improvement using Anhydrous $Na_2CO_3$ in Waste Plastic's Thermal Pyrolysis Oil)

  • 서영화;고광윤
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제29권12호
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    • pp.1371-1380
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    • 2007
  • 폐플라스틱 열분해 재생유의 품질향상을 위하여 불안정화 요인 규명 연구를 수행하였다. 열분해 재생유를 오존화반응시킨 결과 이중결합 불포화탄화수소가 알데히드와 케톤으로 변하면서 폐HDPE 열분해 재생유의 약 45%는 1-알켄구조불포화탄화수소이며, 폐PP 열분해 재생유는 $\sim47%$의 secondary alkene과 $\sim20%$의 primary alkene을 포함한 약 73 wt% 불포화탄화수소를 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 오존화 반응 후 기름의 냄새, 짙은 색도가 개선되었는데 이중결합 불포화탄화수소와 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 저장 용기 별 시험에서는 철제 캔이 갈색유리병보다 좀더 기름의 질 변화를 일으킴을 보여주었다. 기름에 투입된 항산화제는 2-3일 만에 90여 wt%가 소모되면서 항산화제 기능으로 인하여 불포화탄화수소올레핀은 50일이 지나도 안정하였다. 불순물질 제거 흡착여과 시험에서는 실리카, 활성탄, 알루미나 순으로 불순물질 제거효율이 좋으나 수분의 제거효율은 낮았다. 무수탄산나트륨과 무수황산마그네슘이 수분 및 침전물 제거효율이 모두 높으나 실제 열분해재생유 생산 공정에 원가상승을 거의 하지 않은 무수탄산나트륨을 투여 혼합 여과하여 기름의 품질 향상을 달성하였다.

Carbon Footprint and Mitigation of Vegetables Produced at Open Fields and Film House using Life Cycle Assessment

  • Lee, Deog Bae;Jung, Sun Chul;So, Kyu Ho;Kim, Gun Yeob;Jeong, Hyun Cheol;Sonn, Yeon Gyu
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제47권6호
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    • pp.457-463
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    • 2014
  • This study was carried out to find out major factors to mitigate carbon emission using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). System boundary of LCA was confined from sowing to packaging during vegetable production. Input amount of agri-materials was calculated on 2007 Income reference of white radish, chinese cabbage and chive produced at open field and film house published by Rural Development Administration. Domestic data and Ecoinvent data were used for emission factors of each agri-material based on the 1996 IPCC guideline. Carbon footprint of white radish was 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.133 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, that of chinese cabbage was 0.22 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, and that of chive was 0.66 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields and 1.04 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house. The high carbon footprint of chive was related to lower vegetable production and higher fuel usage as compared to white radish and Chinese cabbage. The mean proportion of carbon emission was 35.7% during the manufacturing byproduct fertilizer; white radish at open fields was 50.6%, white radish at film house 13.1%, Chinese cabbage at outdoor 38.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 34.0%, chive at outdoor 50.6%, and chive at film house 36.0%. Carbon emission, on average, for the step of manufacturing and combustion accounted for 16.1% of the total emission; white radish at open fields was 4.3%, white radish at film house 15.6%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 6.9%, Chinese cabbage at film house 19.0%, chive at open fields 12.5%, and chive at film house 29.1%. On the while, mean proportion of carbon footprint for the step of $N_2O$ emission was 29.2%; white radish at open fields was 39.2%, white radish at film house 41.9%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 34.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 23.1%, chive at open fields 28.8%, and chive at film house 17.1%. Fertilizer was the primary factor and fuel was the secondary factor for carbon emission among the vegetables of this study. It was suggested to use Heug-To-Ram web-service system, http://soil.rda.go.kr, for the scientific fertilization based on soil testing, and for increase of energy efficiency to produce low carbon vegetable.

Feed Resources for Animals in Asia: Issues, Strategies for Use, Intensification and Integration for Increased Productivity

  • Devendra, C.;Leng, R.A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.303-321
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    • 2011
  • The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in Asia are the primary drivers of performance to maximise productivity from animals. Feed security is fundamental to the management, extent of use, conservation and intensification for productivity enhancement. The awesome reality is that current supplies of animal proteins are inadequate to meet human requirements in the face of rapidly depleting resources: arable land, water, fossil fuels, nitrogenous and other fertilisers, and decreased supplies of cereal grains. The contribution of the ruminant sector lags well behind that of non-ruminant pigs and poultry. It is compelling therefore to shift priority for the development of ruminants (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep) in key agro-ecological zones (AEZs), making intensive use of the available biomass from the forage resources, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) and other non-conventional feed resources (NCFR). Definitions are given of successful and failed projects on feed resource use. These were used to analyse 12 case studies, which indicated the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers, empowerment, and the benefits from animals of productivity-enhancing technologies and integrated natural resource management (NRM). However, wider replication and scaling up were inadequate in project formulation, including systems methodologies that promoted technology adoption. There was overwhelming emphasis on component technology applications that were duplicated across countries, often wasteful, the results and relevance of which were not clear. Technology delivery via the traditional model of research-extension linkage was also inadequate, and needs to be expanded to participatory research-extension-farmer linkages to accelerate diffusion of technologies, wider adoption and impacts. Other major limitations concerned with feed resource use are failure to view this issue from a farming systems perspective, strong disciplinary bias, and poor links to real farm situations. It is suggested that improved efficiency in feed resource use and increased productivity from animals in the future needs to be cognisant of nine strategies. These include priorities for feed resource use; promoting intensive use of crop residues; intensification of integrated ruminant-oil palm systems and use of oil palm by-products; priority for urgent, wider technology application, adoption and scaling up; rigorous application of systems methodologies; development of adaptation and mitigation options for the effects of climate change on feed resources; strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages; development of year round feeding systems; and striving for sustainability of integrated farming systems. These strategies together form the challenges for the future.

옥수수 개체군의 일차생산성과 물질경제. 3. 건물생산과 인경제 (Primary Productivity and Matter Economy of a Maize Plant Population. III. Phosphorus Economy in Relation to Dry Matter Production)

  • Huque, M. Anwarul;Seung-Dal Song
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 1981
  • 옥수수개체군의 생장기간중 생산구조의 발달과 건물생산과정에 따른 인의 동태, 즉 토양으로부터 흡수준, 동화율, 회전율, 수요공급의 수지 및 이용효율의 계절적 변화를 분석하였다. 인의 흡수율(최대 2.4mgPg$^{-1}$day$^{-1}$) 및 흡수효율(0.03)은 개체군의 상대생장률과 밀접한 상관을 보였고, 생육기간중 총 동화율은 3.41gPm$^{-2}$ 로서 월 최대 동화율은 2.99mgPg$^{-2}$ month$^{-1}$ (7월)였다. 한편 개체군의 인현존량의 변화는 최대치 1.4mgPg$^{-2}$ 였고, 최대 회전율은 178%를 나타내었다. 생육기간중 개체군의 각 기관별 인의 수요량은 엽 24.4%, 경 22.5%, 근 3.5% 및 종실 49.6% 였으며, 총 인요구량의 81.8%는 토양으로부터 흡수되였고 나머지 18.2%는 개체군내의 전류에 의해 공급되였다. 옥수수개체군의 인이용지수는 최대치가 6월에 1,091이며 평균지수는 655였다.

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Crude Canola Oil의 효소 탈검과 수용성 탈검에 관한 연구 (A Study of Enzymatic and Water Degumming Using Crude Canola Oil)

  • 장명귀;김덕근;박순철;이진석;김승욱
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제49권4호
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    • pp.480-484
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 원료 유지로 산가 0.68 mgKOH/g, 수분 함량 0.09%, 고형물 함량 0.13%, 인 함량 40 ppm가량의 crude canola oil을 바이오디젤의 원료유로 활용하기 위하여 인 함량을 10 ppm 이하로 낮추는 탈검 공정을 수행하였다. Crude canola oil을 바이오디젤의 원료유로 사용하기 위해 수용성 탈검과 phospholipase A2를 탈검제로 하는 효소 탈검 공정을 비교하는 실험을 수행하였으며, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 바이오디젤의 원료유로써 조건을 만족시키는 탈검 방법을 선정하고 반응 조건을 확립하였다. 수용성 탈검의 경우에는 증류수 사용량 oil 대비 2 wt%, 반응온도 $30^{\circ}C$, 교반 속도 900 rpm에서 탈검 효율이 다른 조건에 비하여 높았으며, 반응 시간은 30분이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. Phospholipase A2를 탈검제로 사용하는 효소 탈검의 경우에는 인 함량결과를 보면 모든 조건에서 비슷한 탈검 효율을 나타내었다. 그리하여 산가 분석을 실시한 결과, 효소 투입량 oil 대비 90 ppm, pH 5, 반응 온도 $50^{\circ}C$에서의 탈검 효율이 다른 조건과 비해 우수하였다. 수용성 탈검과 효소 탈검을 비교해 보면, 효소 탈검이 효율이 높았으나 바이오디젤의 원료유를 생산하는 목적의 경우, 반응시간, 공정의 경제성을 고려할 때 수용성 탈검을 선택하는 것이 유리하다고 판단되었다.

Tetracycline Inducible Retrovirus Vector System을 이용한 In Vitro에서의 인간 부갑상선 호르몬의 발현 조절 (Regulation of hPTH Expression In Virto Using the Tetracycline Inducible Retrovirus Vector System)

  • 구본철;권모선;김태완
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.157-162
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구에서는 인간 부자상선 호르몬의 발현을 유도적으로 조절할 수 있는 retrocvirus vector system을 확립하고자 하였다. 이에 tetracycline계 물질로 발현을 유도적으로 조절할 수 있는 one vector 형태의 Tet-On system을 이용하였으며 WPRE 서열을 도입하여 유도적 조건에서 외래 유전자의 발현을 증가시켰다. 구축한 각각의 표적세포에서 RT-PCR과 ELISA를 이용하여 hPTH유전자의 발현 정도를 비교 측정한 결과, WPRE가 hPTH의 3' 위치에 도입된 $RevTRE-PTH-WPRE-CMVp-rtTA2^sM2$ virus를 이용하여 유전자를 전이시킨 경우에 hPTH의 발현량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고, 또한 유도율도 가장 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 이 system을 이용하여 생산한 고감염가의 virus는 인간의 부갑상선 호르몬을 생산하기 위한 동물세포주의 구축이나 형질전환 동물의 생산에 있어서 매우 효율적인 유전자 전이 수단이 될 것으로 사료된다.

질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density)

  • 심재성
    • 자연과학논문집
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.61-113
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    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

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블루베리 인력적화 시기와 방법이 과실특성에 미치는 영향 (Fruit Quality of Rabbiteye Blueberry as Affected by Manual Floral Buds Thinning)

  • 김홍림;채원병;김진국;이목희;이한철;김승희;곽용범
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.166-172
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    • 2019
  • 블루베리의 소과비율 증가는 시장 경쟁력 하락과 수확생산성 악화로 농가의 채산성을 악화시킨다. 본 연구는 래빗아이 블루베리를 대상으로 적화 시기, 방법에 따른 과실특성, 생산성을 구명하여 농가현장에 적용하고자 수행하였다. 시험수는 8년생 'Brightwell'를 주 대상으로 하였으며, 수분수로 'Powderblue'를 사용하였다. 엽과비에 따른 과실크기 분포는 착과량이 다양한 127주의 'Brightwell'을 대상으로, 주당 1개의 결과모지를 선정하여 잎과 과실수를 계수하였다. 적화시기에 따른 효과 구명을 위해 꽃눈 발달 단계별로 구분하여 착화량의 50%를 제거하였고, 이때 소요되는 시간과 과실특성을 조사, 비교하였다. 블루베리 과중과 당도는 엽과비와 같은 경향으로 증가했으며, 직경 13 mm미만, 이상으로 구분한 과실크기 분포비율은 엽과비 2.5수준에서 반전되었다. 꽃눈 발달단계별 손 적화 속도는 만개기(Full bloom) 적화가 가장 빨랐으며, 발아초기(Bud swell) 적화가 가장 늦었다. 적화시기에 따른 과중과 직경 13 mm 미만 소과비율은 조사품종 모두 무 적화와 비교해 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냈으나 주당 수량은 유의차가 없었다. 소과비율은 두 품종 모두 적화시기가 늦을수록 증가하는 경향이었으며, 낙화기(Petal fall) 적화는 무적화와 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 누적 수확량 90%에 도달한 시점은 'Brightwell'은 만개기(Full bloom) 적화, 'Powderblue'는 발아초기(Bud swell), 만개기(Full bloom) 적화처리에서 가장 빨리 도달했다. 이는 무 적화와 비교하여 수확이 각각 25일, 20일 빨랐다. 따라서 본 연구는 적화 정도에 따른 효과는 품종에 따라 차이가 있지만, 적화는 조기 집약수확과 대과비율 및 수확생산성 증가에 효과적이었음을 확인하였고, 적화효율성을 높이기 위해서는 만개기(Full bloom) 전에 결과지 선단 화총의 하단부 꽃눈을 제거하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.