• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.222-222
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• 1994

목적하는 화합물인 2',5'-dihydroxy-3'-무치환 유도체(1)는 uridine을 sodium metaperiodate로 산화하여 dialdehyde를 얻은다음 1,2-dianilinoethane으로 3'-aldehyde만을 선택적으로 보호, 2'-aldehyde를 NaBH$_4$로 환원, alcohol로 하여 deprotection 하므로서 hemiacetal율 얻는다. 이 hemiacetal을 TsSNHHNH$_2$로 처리하여 목적하는(1) 화합물을 얻었으며 2-azido-5-Hydroxy-3'-무치환 유도체(2)는 (1)화합물 합성시 얻은 hemiactal을 출발 물질로 하여 먼저 TBDPSCl로 silyaltion하여 5'-hydroxyl group을 보호하고 TsNHNH$_2$로 3'-위치를 hydrazone으로 한다음 NaB(CNH$_3$로 처리하여 얻은 hydrazide를 NaOAc를 반응시켜 2'-hydroxy-3'-무치환-5'-silyl 유도체를 얻고 또한 2',3'-dihydroxy group을 tosyl화, azido화, 5'-silyl group을 deprotection 하므로서 (2)를 얻었다. 또한 2',3'-dihydroxy-5'-무치환 유도체(4)는 uridine의 2',3'-위치를 먼저 protection, 5'-위치를 benzoyl화 2',3'-deprotection, periodate oxidation하여 얻은 diol을 silyl화 한 다음 5'-위치를 benzoyl화, 2',3'-deprotection, 산화하여 얻은 hemiacetal의 silyl group을 제거한후 primary hydroxyl group만을 선택적으로 silyl화, TsNHNH$_2$, NaB(CN)H$_3$ 및 NaOAc로 처리하므로서 얻은 2'-hydroxy-3'-0-silyl group-5'-무치환 화합물을 tosyl, azido화 한다음 desilylation하여 얻었다. 목적하는(1) 화합물의 diasteromer 인 2',3'-dihydroxy-5'-무치환 유도체(3)는 (4)화합물 합성시 얻은 hemiactal을 key intermediate로 하여 TsNHNH$_2$, NaB(CN)H$_3$ 및 NaOAc로 처리하므로서 얻을수 있었다. 이들 화합물들의 각종 DNA 및 RNA virus에 대한 항 바이러스작용을 검토한 결과 현저한 항 바이러스 작용을 나타내지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2010

This review summarizes gender differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse drug reactions. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics are categorized by four major factors: absorption/bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. There are sex-based differences in gastric emptying time, gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity, apparent volume of distribution, ${\alpha}1$-acid glycoprotein level, phase I (CYP) and phase II metabolizing enzymes, glomerular filtration rate, and drug transporters. This review also reports gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cardiovascular agents, central nervous system acting agents and antiviral agents. In addition, it has been reported that females experience more adverse reactions such as coughing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, rash, hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity, and metabolic disorder after taking cardiovascular, central nervous system acting and antiviral agents. Therefore, in order to provide optimal drug dosage regimens both in male and female, gender differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse drug reactions must be considered.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 1993

In order to get infonnations on the development of alcohol induced cardiovascular disorders, primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (PVSMC) were treated with acetaldehyde, one of the most reactive metabolites of ethanol. Acetaldehyde caused the striking release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from PVSMC and it stimulated the prostaglandin synthesis in the same system. But it didn't induce cyclooxygenase activity. lipoxygenase inhibitors-propyl gallate and nordihydroguaiaretic acid could reverse the effect of acetaldehyde, but dexamethasone, a phospholipase $A_2\;(PIA_2)$ inhibitor and cyclooxygenase inhibitors except indomethacin could not protect the cells from acetaldehyde toxicity. These results indicate that enhanced prostaglandin synthesis by acetaldehyde is not a direct cause of cell death, but secondary effect due to the activation of PIAl and also, the roles of the lipoxygenase metabolites and/or $PIA_2$ activity itself might be more important in the cytotoxicity of acetaldehyde.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.531-542
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• 2012

The thesis covers the trend of research on bio-based polyurethane which is made from polyols derived mainly from plant oils and isocyanates. Castor oil is a triglyceride of ricinoleic acid containing hydroxyl group. Hydroxylation is done on the unsaturated bonds of the oils by the reactions of epoxidation/ring opening, hydroformylation/hydrogenation, ozonolysis/hydrogenation, and thiol-ene reaction. Polyols from hyperbranch, primary alcohol, polysaccharide have been studied to control the reactivity of the polyol and morphology of the microdomains. Besides, researches cover biodegradable polylactic acid polyol for medical use, fatty acid dimer polyol for the prevention of hydrolysis, and polyol with ionic group for water-borne polyurethane. Bio-based polyurethanes are being used in flexible and rigid foams, coatings, sealants, and elastomers.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.7
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

Background: School is a primary health education setting for adolescents and the continuous support should be provided to renew school health education curriculum correspondent to cultural changes in Korean society. Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the principals and teachers' health education needs for their students and to analyze their conceptual map for health education curriculum at school. Methods: The sample size of the preliminary study was 321 of the teachers in elementary, middle, and high school, and that of the main study was 355 middle school principals and teachers over the country. The self-administered mailing survey was conducted to collect the available health education topics in the preliminary study, to identify the factor structure of the health education topics and to analyze the conceptual properties on health education with exploratory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis in SPSS 12.0. Results: A total of 21 health education topics were collected from the preliminary survey and 31 topics were, comprehensively, generated for the main survey. In exploratory factor analysis, seven factors were generated in 1.0 or greater Eigen value standard. The seven factors were 'life health promotion,' 'disease prevention and drug control,' 'bulling and aggression prevention,' 'injury and sexual harassment prevention,' human-efficacy and regulation,' 'health protection for adolescence,' and 'alcohol and tobacco control.' The educational need scores were the highest in 'human-efficacy and regulation' and 'injury and sexual harassment prevention.' The two-dimensional cooperates were generated for the 31 health education topics and the two dimensional properties which divided the conceptual space were 'health-safety' for one and 'public/environmental-individual/personal' for the other. That is, middle school principals and teachers primarily, understand the health education curriculum in the sense of 'health vs. safety' and 'public/environmental vs individual/personal.' Conclusions: Health education curriculum and textbook should be developed based on teachers' needs and conditions for health education in school fields. The field-based health education programs or textbook would make more possible problem-solving health education for youth in real school fields.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1388-1394
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• 2004

Purpose. Korean women are likely to experience symptoms of depression, possibly due to socially fixed limitations on the roles that Korean women are expected to perform. Also if a Korean woman experinces negative relationship problem or stress in her family, she would feel responsible, which will worsen her depression. Nonetheless, much of the research on depression among Korean women has focused on menopausal women. This study aims to understand the depression of Korean women to provide fundamental data to develop nursing intervention method for promoting women's health. Methods. The present investigation assessed the prevalence and correlates of depression in a large sample of Korean women, aged 18 or older, from the general population. With a probability sample of 3312 women drawn from two areas in Korea, a survey, which contains the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and background, was completed. Results. According to CES-D classification criteria, $36.5\%$ of the women in the sample displayed either no depression or mild depression, $55.6\%$ exhibited moderate depression, and $7.8\%$ manifested severe depression. Significant bivariate relationships were observed between depression and each measured background variable except alcohol use. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the strongest combination of predictors of depression included income, menopausal, and marital status. Conclusion. The data support the premise that Korean women disproportionately experience elevated levels of depression. Consistent with the theory, depression may be related to social pressures to conform to the traditional roles. The study suggests the need for further research, primary prevention activities, and increased access to treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.282-294
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• 2001

n accordance with the National Health Promotion Act of 1995, newly designed National Health and Nutrition Survey was carried out in winter of 1998. Although this survey amended most of the problems noted in previous Nutrition Surveys, it still had a limitation in reflecting seasonal variation in food intake due to the survey period which was confined to November and December. In order to counterbalance this limitation and estimate the yearly food intake of Korean population, three seasonal nutrition surveys were taken place in spring, summer, and fall of 1999. Seasonal Nutritional survey targeted 15 households each in 60 nationwide primary sampling units(PSUS) which were part of 200 PSUS of 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Therefore, total of 2,700 households were surveyed in 3 seasons. The interviewers visited each household members and carried out face to face interview on household. Daily food intake was monitored using 24 hour recall method. According to the survey results, fruits, beverage and alcohol intake showed large variation with season while processed foods showed almost no variation. And intake of vegetables and fruits were influenced by their own harvesting time and had impact on the list of foods consumed most. With the result of the 1998 NHNS, this study made it possible to estimate the yearly average food intake of Korean population. The result of this survey is expected to be used in planning food supply and setting tolerance level of contaminants of each foods at the government level.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.131-153
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the accidents happened in the college dental laboratory technique classes and to realize the level of safety education for the dental laboratory technique major students. The research data were collected from a self-administered survey distributed to the conveniently selected college students whose majors were dental laboratory technology in Suwon, Daejeon, Daegu, Kimcheon, and Icsan. The study participants were 422 freshmen, sophomore and junior students in the selected cities. All collected survey responses were encoded and analyzed in SPSS 12.0. The findings were as follows. 1. The students who had any accidents in their laboratory classes were 36% and the other 64% answered 'no.' 2. Most injuries which the participants had were not significant. 3. The medical treatment periods of most injury cases were less than one week; however, approximately 20% of the self-reported injury cases reported that their treatment periods were longer than one week. 4. The body parts frequently injured from accidents were hands with 84.7% and arms, eyes, face, head, and legs in order. 5. Concerning the materials involved in the laboratory classes, most accidents happened when working with wax in 59.9%, with plaster in 52.3%, with wire in 39.8%, with alcohol in 34.6%, and casting iron in 22.2% in order. 6. The accident-prone laboratory methods were polishing with 53.5%, pickling or sanding with 17.4%, and casting or burning with 5.8% in order. 7. Most students wore their laboratory gowns well; however, few students wore mask before dust-involved jobs. Furthermore, only 57.1% students answered their laboratory fans worked during the polishing job. 8. Approximately 54% participant students answered that they took laboratory safety education when necessary only from the class instructors. 9. The 76.1% students responded that they needed laboratory safety education at least 1-2 times every semester. 10. The survey participants answered that the primary factors for injury prevention in their laboratory were taking safety education, wearing safety equipments, and providing safety-focused facilities. Concludingly, comprehensive evaluation and monitoring for potential risk factors from both the human side and the environment side should be continually provided to minimize the college laboratory accidents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3635-3640
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• 2014

Aim: To determine whether induced abortion (IA) increases breast cancer (BC) risk. Materials and Methods: A population-based case-control study was performed from Dec, 2000 to November, 2004 in Shanghai, China, where IA could be verified through the family planning network and client medical records. Structured questionnaires were completed by 1,517 cases with primary invasive epithelial breast cancer and 1,573 controls frequency-matched to cases for age group. The information was supplemented and verified by the family planning records. Statistical analysis was conducted with SAS 9.0. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, induced abortions were not found to be associated with breast cancer with OR=0.94 (95%CI= 0.79-1.11). Compared to parous women without induced abortion, parous women with 3 or more times induced abortion (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.46 to 0.95) and women with 3 or more times induced abortion after the first live birth (OR=0.66, 95%CI =0.45 to 0.97) showed a lower risk of breast cancer, after adjustment for age, level of education, annual income per capita, age at menarche, menopause, parity times, spontaneous abortion, age at first live birth, breast-feeding, oral contraceptives, hormones drug, breast disease, BMI, drinking alcohol, drinking tea, taking vitamin/calcium tablet, physical activity, vocation, history of breast cancer, eating the bean. Conclusions: The results suggest that a history of induced abortions may not increase the risk of breast cancer.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify dietary factors that may affect the occurrence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Preoperative daily nutrition intake and diet quality of patients diagnosed with gastric cancer were evaluated. Collected data were comparatively analyzed by gender. The results were then used to prepare basic materials to aid in the creation of a desirable postoperative nutrition management program. The subjects of this study were 812 patients (562 men and 250 women) who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and admitted for surgery at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2010. Nutrition intake and diet quality were evaluated by the 24-hr recall method, the nutrient adequacy ratio, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), index of nutritional quality (INQ), dietary variety score (DVS), and dietary diversity score (DDS). The rate of skipping meals and eating fast, alcohol consumption, and smoking were significantly higher in males than those in females. The levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and cholesterol consumption were significantly higher in males than those in females. Intake of fiber, zinc, vitamin A, retinol, carotene, folic acid were significantly higher in females than those in males. MAR in males was significantly higher (0.83) than that in females (0.79). INQ values were higher in females for zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and folic acid than those in males. The average DVS was 17.63 for females and 13.19 for males. The average DDS was 3.68 and the male's average score was 3.44, whereas the female's average score was 3.92. In conclusion, males had more dietary habit problems and poor nutritional balance than those of females. Our findings suggest that proper nutritional management and adequate dietary education for the primary prevention of gastric cancer should be emphasized in men.