• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

For the development of a new creep test technique, the availability of SP-Creep test is discussed for 1Cr-0.5Mo boiler header material. And some results are also compared with those of 2.25Cr- 1Mo steel which widely uses as boiler superheater tube. The results can be summarized as follows. The load exponents(n) obtained by SP-Creep test for 1Cr-0.5Mo steel are decreased with increasing creep temperature and the values are 15.67, 13.89, and 17.13 at 550$^{circ}C$ ,575$^{circ}C$ and 600$^{circ}C$, respectively. The temperature dependence of the load exponent is given by n = 107.19 - 0.1108T. This reason that load exponents show the extensive range of 10∼16 is attributed to the fine carbide such as M$_{23}$C$_{6}$ in lath tempered martensitic structures. At the same creep condition, the secondary creep rate of 1Cr-0.5Mo steel is lower than the 2.25Cr-1Mo steel1 due to the strengthening microstructure composed by normalizing and tempering treatments. Through a SEM observation, it can be summarized that the primary, secondary, and tertiary creep regions of SP-Creep specimen are corresponding to plastic bending, plastic membrane stretching, and plastic instability regions among the deformation behavior of four steps in SP test, respectively.y.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.703-709
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 재분배된 크리프 응력을 근사적으로 접근하기 위해 크리프 해석에 비해 비교적 간단한 탄성 및 탄성-소성 해석법을 사용하여 그 결과와 비교하였다. 탄성해석 결과를 이용하여 $M_{\alpha}-tangent$ method의 Primary Stress와 ASME 코드의 $P_L+P_b/K_t$를 구하였고 탄성-소성 해석 결과를 이용하여 R5 코드의 ${\sigma}^R_{ref}$ 를 구하였다. 용접 형상이 있는 십자 모양의 판 형상에 굽힘 하중, 단축인장 및 이축인장이 작용하는 경우와 r/t가 5, 20인 곡관에 굽힘 하중 및 내압이 작용하는 경우 등 여러 형상에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 요소 민감도 확인을 위해서는 판 형상에 굽힘 하중이 가해 지는 경우 여러 요소 크기에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 간략 해석 결과는 크리프 응력과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, $M_{\alpha}-tangent$ method의 경우 요소 크기에 민감하고 ASME코드와 R5코드의 결과는 요소 크기에 민감하지 않았다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2001

Violin bridge blank cut from maple wood with good quality has typical pattern of the radial direction in the side edge with minimal dispersion. This experimental study was designed and carried out to examine the effect of the physical and macroscopical characteristics on the compressive creep of violin bridge blank which had been imported from European manufacturer. This research arose from the idea that the maple solid wood with heterogeneous wood density and ray direction in the side edge would have uneven rheological property of violin bridge blank which is supposed to be pressed by the tension of strings. Experimentally, the compressive creep of bridge blank became smaller with the higher density of imported maple wood and showed clear density-dependence for the duration of load under the string tension of 5 kgf. Every bridge blank showed the behavior of primary creep stage(stress stabilization) having logarithmic regression creep curve with high correlation coefficient under the designed stress level. Even though the relationship between compressive creep and ray direction on the side edge of bridge was not so clear contrary to expectation, we could conclude that wood density and ray direction should be the quality decisive factors affecting the acoustical characteristics and performance of the bridge, the core member of violin-family bow instruments.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2011

Creep behaviors of the Zr-1.Nb-0.5Cu (HANA-6) alloy strips with different orientations were investigated. Anisotropy was observed in the samples depending on their physical orientations due to the formation of texture in their microstructures. The creep strain rate was increased as the test stress and temperature increased. The rate was higher along the rolling-direction than in the transverse-direction irrespective of annealing conditions. However, the samples with $45^{\circ}$ direction showed different behaviors depending on the annealing temperature. When strips were finally annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, the primary creep rate of the $45^{\circ}$ strip was the highest among the various orientations although the saturated creep rate was the lowest. In the case of final annealing at $660^{\circ}C$ for 4 h, the highest creep rate occurred throughout the creep test in the $45^{\circ}$ strip. It is considered that the fraction of (100) planes along the direction of creep deformation affect the creep rates.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1988

carried out to present a rheology model which is able to treat time-dependent properties of clay. The results were summarized as follow ; 1. The slope (a(e1)) of deviator stress in strain rate test was independent on axial strain, and pore water pressure was decreased with increment of strain rate. 2. The pore water pressure in a stress relaxation condition was not changed when the strain rate before stress relaxation was 0.05%/min., but it was increased with increment of time when the strain rate before stress relaxation was 0.2%/min 3. The greater the stress condition (q/qmax) and the strain rate before creep test became, the greater the increment rate of axial strain in creep test became. 4. SEKIGUCHI's constitutive equation was slightly overpredicted while empirical equation proposed in the study was well coincided with measured values. 5. The constitutive equation induced by a strain function could be dealed with a behavior of the pore water pressure increased with increment of elapsed time after primary consolidation.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.3-8
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• 1995

Anchors find their use in providing tie-back resistance for submerged footings, transmission towers, tunnels and ocean structures. Laboratory model teats were performed for the short-term net ultimate uplift capacity of a circular anchors with respect to various embedment depths and moisture content in saturated bentonite. The tests have been conducted with the anchor at two different moisture contents. Based an the model test results, empirical relationships between the net load, rate of strain, and time have been developed. Test results are as follows. 1) In creep tests for load versus ultimate uplift capacity, the displacement of plate anchors rapidly increases during the primary stage but thereafter becomes constant over a period of time. 2) Displacement increased with the increase of the sustain load and embedded ratio in soil. 3) If the load is less than or equal to 75% of the short-term ultimate uplift capacity, a complete pullout does not occur due to creep.

• 연구논문집
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• 통권31호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2001

Evolution of microstructure due to service exposure to high temperature has a strong effect performance of heat resistant steels. In case of modified 9Cr-1Mo steels, precipitation of $Fe_2Mo$-type laves phases and coarcening of $M_23C_6$-type carbides is the primary cause of degradation of mechanical properties such as creep resistance, tensile strength and toughness. Creep tests have been carried out on pre-aging mod. 9Cr-1Mo steels to examine the effect of pre-aging and stress on the creep strength. Based on the results, a nondestructive procedure, where electrochemical technique that quantitatively detect laves phases and $M_23C_6$-type carbides in a material is used, has been proposed to evaluate a residual creep life of mod. 9Cr-1Mo steels.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.596-603
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• 2011

The very high temperature gas reactor (VHTR) is one of the next generation nuclear reactors for its safety, long-term stability, and proliferation-resistance. The high operating temperature of over 800$^{\circ}C$ enables various applications with high energy efficiency. Heat is transferred from the primary helium loop to the secondary helium loop through the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX). The IHX material requires creep resistance, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance in a helium environment at high operating temperatures. A Ni-based superalloy such as Alloy 617 is considered as a primary candidate material for the intermediate heat exchanger. In this study, the microstructures of Alloy 617 crept in pure helium and air environments at 950$^{\circ}C$ were observed. The rupture time in helium was shorter than that in air under small applied stresses. As the exposure time increased, the thickness of outer oxide layer of the specimens clearly increased but delaminated after a long creep time. The depth of the carbide-depleted zone was rather high in the specimens under high applied stress. The reason was elucidated by the comparison between the ruptured region and grip region of the samples. It is considered that decarburization caused by minor gas impurities in a helium environment caused the reduction in creep rupture time.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.561-573
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• 2020

The creep and consolidation behaviors of clays subjected to thermal cycles are of fundamental importance in the application of energy geostructures. This study aims to numerically investigate the physical mechanisms for the temperature-triggered volume change of saturated clays. A recently developed thermodynamic framework is used to derive the thermo-mechanical constitutive model for clays. Based on the model, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) finite element (FE) code is developed. Comparison with experimental observations shows that the proposed FE code can well reproduce the irreversible thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays, as well as the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays under drained heating. Simulations reveal that excess pore pressure may accumulate in clay samples under triaxial drained conditions due to low permeability and high heating rate, resulting in thermally induced primary consolidation. Results show that four major mechanisms contribute to the thermal volume change of clays: (i) the principle of thermal expansion, (ii) the decrease of effective stress due to the accumulation of excess pore pressure, (iii) the thermal creep, and (iv) the thermally induced primary consolidation. The former two mechanisms mainly contribute to the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays, whereas the latter two contribute to the noticeable thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays. Consideration of the four physical mechanisms is important for the settlement prediction of energy geostructures, especially in soft soils.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

SnAg, SnAgCu, SnCu 무연솔더합금을 주조 상태에서 냉간압연한 후 열적으로 안정화한 시편 (TS)과, 실제 솔더 범프와 유사한 미세구조의 수냉에 급속 냉각(WQ)된 시편 두가지를 $100^{\circ}C$에서 크리프 실험을 행하였다. 급속냉각한 시편의 냉각속도는 140-150 K/sec로 primary $\beta-Sn$ 크기가 TS 시편보다 5∼10배 정도 작았으며, 기지내 primary $\beta-Sn$이 차지하는 분율은 증가하였다. 반면에 공정상 내의 $Ag_3Sn$상의 크기는 더 작아졌다. 크리프 실험 결과 WQ 시편의 최소크리프 변형율 속도($\{beta}_{min}$)가 TS 보다 약 $10^2$배 정도 작았으며. 더 큰 파괴시간을 보였다. TS-SnAg의 크리프파괴는 $Ag_3Sn$ 또는 $Cu_6Sn_5$에서의 공공의 핵생성, power-law 크리프에 의한 공공의 성장, 그리고 크리프 공공의 상호 연결로 일어났으며, WQ-SnAgCu는 시편이 두께가 얇아 네킹에 의해 파괴가 일어났다.