• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-70
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• 2015

Concerns have been growing about whether domestic internet protocol television (IPTV) can establish a solid foothold in the pay TV market, largely because of the lack of IPTV-only content and service differentiation. It has been difficult for IPTV providers to attract valuable PPs (program providers) to strengthen their positions, and IPTV providers have invested much money into procuring content. To survive this difficult situation, IPTV providers need to reappraise their profit sharing methods and content distribution structure to facilitate the expansion of their subscriber base. This can be done by attracting valuable PPs to IPTV providers and securing extra revenue by distributing more content for their PP partners. The IPTV industry has a different structure and value chain from the digital cable industry. Moreover, profit sharing schemes among participants in the IPTV industry are complicated. Thus it is essential to analyze the criteria for profit sharing, the selection of attributes in profit sharing, and their cause-effect relationship in developing fair pricing for broadcast content in the IPTV industry. This study introduces the attributes that need to be considered for the pricing of content and profit sharing among IPTV providers and PPs. In addition, this study uses system dynamics to analyze the relationship among those attributes along with additional associated factors for the pricing of content.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

This paper compares the performance of Fama-French three-factor and five-factor models using a dataset of 20 Pakistani commercial banks for the period 2011 to 2020. We focus on an emerging economy as the findings from earlier studies on developed countries cannot be generalized in emerging markets. For empirical analysis, twelve portfolios were developed based on size, market capitalization, investment strategy, and growth. Subsequently, we constructed five Fama-French factors namely, R_M, SMB, HML, RMW, and CMA. The OLS regression technique with robust standard errors was applied to compare the predictive power of both the Fama-French models. Further, we also compared the mean-variance efficiency of the Fama-French models through the GRS test. Our empirical analysis provides three unique and interesting findings. First, both asset pricing models have similar predictive power to explain the expected portfolio returns in most cases. Second, our results from the GRS test suggest that there is no noticeable difference in the mean-variance efficiency of one asset pricing model over the other. Third, we find that all factors of both Fama-French models are statistically significant and are important for explaining the volatility of expected commercial bank returns in the context of Pakistan.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.143-148
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to analyze pricing strategies between conventional offline retailers and Internet retailers and discuss which strategy is more profitable when a bricks-and-mortar firm transforms into a clicks-and-mortar firm.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.177-195
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• 2017

Traditionally, news was consumed only through printed newspapers and broadcasting media, such as radio and television. However, the Internet has enabled people to consume news content online. Since most of online news content has been provided for free, it is not easy for news providers to charge the fixed subscription fee for online news content. Therefore, as an alternative strategy, some online news providers have tried to adopt the Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) pricing model, which allows users (readers) to pay as much as they want after consuming news content. As this pricing model shows some possibility to grow and replace the unsuccessful monetization strategy of online news content, we therefore examined the comparative importance of seven heuristic attributes (i.e., article evaluation, article share, article comment, article information design, article length, writer SNS, and writer information) affecting readers' voluntary payment behavior through a conjoint analysis with 379 news articles collected from online news Website (i.e., Ohmynews.com) where the PWYW model has been working successfully. This study found that article share and article length are the most important factors which affect online news content users' voluntary payment. Finally, two major and eight minor propositions are suggested based on the findings of the study. This study would suggest guidelines for how to create online news content which induces much more voluntary payment.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

With the development of smart grid technology, it has become a hotspot to increase benefits of both residential users and electric power companies through demand response technology and interactive technology. In this paper, the game theory is introduced to the interaction between residential users and an electric company, making a mutually beneficial situation for the two. This paper solves the problem of electricity pricing and load shifting in the interactive behavior by building the game-theoretic process, proposing the interaction strategy and doing the optimization. In the simulation results, the residential users decrease their cost by 11% mainly through shifting the thermal loads and the electric company improves its benefits by 5.6% though electricity pricing. Simulation analysis verifies the validity of the proposed method and shows great revenue for the economy of both sides.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

As the technological gap amongst manufacturers decreases, the life cycle of products has shortened, and competition accelerates due to the development of technology, incumbent manufacturing companies face growth limitations. In order to overcome such business issues, manufacturing companies are increasingly interested in changes in business models and innovations, especially in the direction of providing services where they can maintain the competitive advantage of their products. In such context, this empirical study examines managerial leadership, differentiation strategies, and products and services pricing as 'servitization factors', which can be driving forces for moving into a new era of growth for Korean SMEs, focusing on the mediating effects of servitization competency. The results are as follows : First, it was confirmed that executive leadership, differentiation strategy, and information & communication technology capability have a direct effect on service sales. Second, the process competency, partnership competency, and ICT competency, which are presented as the service competence of SMEs, were found to play an important role in inducing service sales in managerial leadership, differentiation strategy, product and services pricing. It also emphasized the role of the public policy such as helping to foster SMEs as key partners in the expansion of social facilities and establishing platforms through ICT and data utilization for the convergence of manufacturing services.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.220-241
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• 2019

In order to provide theoretical guidance to research in platform strategy, we build the conceptual framework based on the organizational ecology and analyze symbiotic/competitive relationship between platform entities. Platform owner and service provider (i.e. complementors) make symbiotic relationship, where platform owner provide service provider user-base and platform resources such as marketing tools and platform technology, and service provider provide platform owner services which users utilize. In addition to symbiotic relationships, platform owner has competitive relationship with other platform owners, and service provider builds competitive relationship with other service providers. In these relationships, the strategy of platform owner affects service provider and service provider builds a strategy for their own survival and success. This type of interaction makes competitive dynamics in platform. However, previous platform literature focuses on strategies to enhance network effect from the perspective of platform owner. Thus, there is little attention on interaction among the service providers. Using the framework based on community ecology of organizational ecology, we analyze interaction and strategy between platform owner and service provider in the viewpoint of platform openness strategy and platform pricing strategy. This research contributes to the literature of platform strategy by providing a theoretical framework based on organizational ecology to deeply understand the dynamics of platform.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.207-223
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• 2013

Revenue management (RM) has been widely used to model products characterized as perishable. Classical RM model assumed that price is the sole factor in the model. Thus price adjustment becomes a crucial and costly factor in business. In this paper, an optimal pricing model is developed based on minimization of soft customer cost, one kind of price adjustment cost and is solved by Lagrange multiplier method. It is formed by expected discounted revenue/bid price integrating quantity-based RM and pricing-based RM. Quantity-based RM consists of two capacity models, namely, booking limit and overbooking. Booking limit, built by assuming uncertain customer arrival, decides the optimal capacity allocation for two market segments. Overbooking determines the level of accepted order exceeding capacity to anticipate probability of cancellation. Furthermore, pricing-based RM models occupancy/demand rate influenced by internal and competitor price changes. In this paper, a mathematical model based on game theoretic approach is developed for two conditions of deterministic and stochastic demand. Based on the equilibrium point, the best strategy for both hotels can be determined.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1192-1207
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• 2014

Dynamic spectrum sharing is a key technology to improve spectrum utilization in wireless networks. The elastic spectrum management provides a new opportunity for licensed primary users and unlicensed secondary users to efficiently utilize the scarce wireless resource. In this paper, we present a game-theoretic framework for dynamic spectrum allocation where the primary users rent the unutilized spectrum to the secondary users for a monetary profit. In reality, due to the ON-OFF behavior of the primary user, the quantity of spectrum that can be opportunistically shared by the secondary users is limited. We model this situation with the renewal theory and formulate the spectrum pricing scheme with the Bertrand game, taking into account the scarcity of the spectrum. By the Nash-equilibrium pricing scheme, each player in the game continually converges to a strategy that maximizes its own profit. We also investigate the impact of several properties, including channel quality and spectrum substitutability. Based on the equilibrium analysis, we finally propose a decentralized algorithm that leads the primary users to the Nash-equilibrium, called DST. The stability of the proposed algorithm in terms of convergence to the Nash equilibrium is also studied.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.527-532
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• 2007

Differentiation strategies have been suggested as the critical sources of competitive advantage in B2C industry where customers can switch internet shopping mall with one click with virtually no transaction cost. Indeed, competition on low pricing cannot be a viable strategy in B2C industry. Moreover, cultivating customer loyalty to attain profitability is still a challenging task for most internet shopping mall. In this study, we provide empirical analysis results on key managerial variables that indicate the difference between the product categories in terms of customer perception on relative value importance. We first identified comprehensive managerial variables and organized them in terms of customer decision stage. Next, with reference to extant literatures on product characteristics based e-commerce strategy, hypotheses are developed to formalize the customer value differences on the key managerial variables. Empirical testing results indicated that there are significant differences on customer perceived value of the key managerial variables between the product groups. The findings provide useful insight for further study on e-commerce differentiation strategy.