• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.144-149
• /
• 2004

Changes in functional constituents of grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds prepared by three different heat pretreatments were determined and compared with those of non-treated grape seed. The recovery of grape seed oils was generally increased by roasting, steaming and microwave processes, although the recovery of specific constituents varied among three heat pretreatments. The recovery of MeOH extracts of the seeds increased following the roasting process, whereas that of MeOH extracts decreased gradually with steaming and microwave treatments. Levels of four catechins in grape seeds: (+)-catechin, procyanidin B$_2$, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate, were decreased with increased roasting and steaming time, but were unaffected by microwave treatment. During the three different heat pretreatments, levels and compositions of fatty acid did not change, whereas those of phytosterol compositions decreased greatly. These results suggest that a mild heat pretreatment, controlled for temperature and time, is needed to prevent a considerable loss in the level of valuable functional components in grape seed.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.318-322
• /
• 2006

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of extrusion of ginseng roots in twin screw extruder on susceptibility of ginseng starch toward hydrolysis by ${\alpha}-amylase$ BAN 480L (Novozyme, Denmark) and cellulase Celluclast 150L and saccharification by amyloglucosidase AMG-E (Novozyme, Denmark). The extrusion was conducted at 22% and 30% moisture contents of feed at screw speed 300 rpm. Barrel temperature at zone 1 was adjusted at $100^{\circ}C$ and $120^{\circ}C$. The results showed that extrusion process improved the ginseng ${\alpha}-amylase$ susceptibility as compared to traditionally dried ginseng (white and red ginseng). Reducing sugar of hydrolyzed extruded samples was 2,500% of its initial concentration, whereas the reducing sugar of hydrolyzed non-extruded sample was only 200% of its initial concentration. However, addition of cellulase during liquefaction lowered the saccharification yield of both non-extruded and extruded samples as well.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.76-78
• /
• 2002

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced in most living cells by mild heat treatment, ethanol, heavy metal ions and hypoxia. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mild heat pretreatment strongly induces Hsp104 and thus provide acquired thermotolerance. The ability of hsp104 deleted mutant $({\triangle}hsp104)$ to acquire tolerance to extreme temperature is severely impaired. In providing thermotolerance, two ATP binding domains are indispensible, as demonstrated in ClpA and ClpB proteases of E. coli. The mechanisms by which Hsp104 protects cells from severe heat stress are not yet completely elucidated. We have investigated regulation of mitochondrial metabolic pathways controlled by the functional Hsp104 protein using $^{13}C_NMR$ spectroscopy and observed that the turnover rate of TCA cycle was enhanced in the absence of Hsp104. Production of ROS, which are toxic to kill cells radiply via oxidative stress, was also examined by fluorescence assay. Mitochondrial dysfunction was manifested in increased ROS levels and higher sensitivity for oxidative stress in the absence of Hsp104 protein expressed. Finally, we have identified mitochondrial complex I and Ferritin as binding protein(s) of Hsp104 by yeast two hybrid experiment. Based on these observations, we suggest that Hsp104 protein functions as a protector of oxidative stress via either keeping mitochondrial integrity, direct binding to mitochonrial components or regulating metal-catalyzed redox chemistry.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.239-243
• /
• 2014

Recently, there is a growing interest in efficient biomass pretreatment and saccharification processes to produce biofuels and biochemicals from renewable non-food biomass resources. In this study, glucose was produced from cellulose by immobilizing cellulase enzyme on chitosan beads which was reported to have high pH and temperature stability. The immobilized amounts of cellulase on chitosan beads linearly increased with increasing the concentrations of cellulase solution. The glucose production increased to 7.2 g/L from 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrate when immobilized at 20% cellulase solution. The maximum specific activity was 0.37 unit/mg protein when immobilized at 8% cellulase solution. At pH 7 and $37^{\circ}C$, the optimum reaction composition was 0.5 g beads/L from 1% CMC substrate. At this condition, the conversion to glucose completed at ca. 20 min.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.26-29
• /
• 1981

Reactions of m-xylene were studied in a fixed-bed type micropulse reactor over cation-exchanged dealuminated mordenite and zeolite Y catalysts. Over H-mordenite catalysts higher catalyst pretreatment temperature as well as dealumination resulted in the increase of the formation of disproportionation product. $Ba^{2+}- and Mg^{2+}-$exchanged mordenite catalysts showed the shape selectivity in the disproportionation reaction of m-xylene, that is, the formation of trimethylbenzene decreasing sharply as the degree of cation exchange increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2010

This study sought to optimize the extraction and enzymatic treatment conditions of Panax ginseng leaves, stems, and roots for the production of fermented ginseng. The optimization enhanced the extraction of total saccharide, a nutrient and growth-activating factor for Lactobacillus bacteria. The hydrolysis of ginseng leaves, stems, and roots was tested with eight enzymes (Pentopan, Promozyme, Celluclast, Ultraflo, Pectinex, Ceremix, Viscozyme, and Tunicase). The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were statistically optimized by the experimental design. Optimal particle size of ginseng raw material was <0.15 mm, and optimal hydrolysis occurred at a pH of 5.0-5.5, a reaction temperature of 55-$60^{\circ}C$, a Ceremix concentration of 1%, and a reaction time of 2 hr. Ceremix produced the highest dry matter yield and total saccharide extraction. Ginseng leaves were found to be the most suitable raw material for the production of fermented ginseng because they have higher carbohydrate and crude saponin contents than ginseng roots.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 1996

In this study, we examined the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in fish cell line CHSE-2lnl and human HeLa cells exposed to heat shock. In fish CHSE-214 cells HSP70 was the major polvpeptide induced by an elevated temperature or an amino acid analog, while in HeLa cells HSP90 as well as HSP70 were prominently enhanced in response to these stresses. Pretreatment of actinomvcin D prior to heat shock completely inhibited the induction of fish HSP70, indicating the transcriptional regulation of fish HSP70 gene expression. In HeLa and CHSE-214 cells either recovering from heat shock or experiencing prolonged heat shock, attenuation in the HSP90 a'nd HSP70 induction occurred but both induction and repression of HSP70 synthesis appear 19 precede those of HSP90. Moreover, attenuation did not occur in the syntheses of 40 kDa and 42 kOto proteins which were only induced in CHSE-214 cells. The enhanced syntheses of these he proteins continued as long as CHSE-214 cells were Siven heat shock. These results suggest that down-regulation of HSP syntheses during prolonged heat shock may be controlled by several different. as vet undefined, mechanisms.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 1992

Electroless copper plating method using an alkaline bath have been employed in copper coating of the (LM)Ni4.5Co0.1MnO.2A10.2 hydrogen storage alloy powders for electrode preparation. The plating were conducted without any pretreatment of alloy powders. For the preparation of the electrodes, about 0.12g of the copper coated alloy powder (copper to alloy ratio 1/3 by weight) was compacted with pressure of 6 tons/cm2 at room temperature. The disk-type compacts had a diameter of 10mm and thickness of about 0.24mm. The electrode characteristics were examined through SEM observations and electrochemical measurements in a half cell. The electrochemical measurement showed that the maximum discharge capacity of the electrodes prepared by using alkaline bath were 245mAh per gram of coated alloy (327mAh per gram of alloy) and appeared a considerable degradation with increasing number of cycles. The decrease of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles was about 30% It can be suggested that, with a slight of improvement, this electroless copper plating method could be applied to the preparation of the rare earth-nickel based alloy electrode.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1999.07g
• /
• pp.3279-3281
• /
• 1999

This paper describes a method of direct wafer bonding using surfaces activated by a radio-frequency hydrogen plasma. The hydrogen plasma cleaning of silicon in the RIE mode was investigated as a pretreatment for silicon direct bonding. The cleaned silicon surface was successfully terminated by hydrogen, The hydrogen-terminated surfaces were rendered hydrophilic, which could be wetted by Dl water rinse. Two wafers of silicon and silicon dioxide were contacted to each other at room temperature and postannealed at $300{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$ in an $N_2$ atmosphere for 2 h. From the AFM results, it was revealed that the surface became rougher with the increased plasma exposure time and power. The effect of the plasma treatment on the surface chemistry was investigated by the AES analysis. It was shown that the carbon contamination at the surface could be reduced below 5 at %. The interfacial energy measured by the crack propagation method was 122 $mJ/m^2$ and 384 $mJ/m^2$ for RCA cleaning and hydrogen plasm, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.119-123
• /
• 1999

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment of bone and kidney-derived cells not only activates adenyly cyclase buy also increases intracellular free calcium, and translocates protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosol to plasma membranes. We have found that acute phorbol ester pretreatment significantly decreases PTH-induced calcium transients and the effect of phorbol ester was antagonized by staurosporine (ST). Although the major effect of ST in that study was the reversal of the action of phorbol ester, it appeared that ST may also have promoted the effect of PTH directly. To further investigate the observation, we examined the effect of ST on the intracellular calcium transients induced by PTH and $\alpha$-thrombin ($\alpha$-TH). For calcium transient experiments, UMR-106 cells were loaded with 2 mM fluo-acetoxymethylester for 30 min at room temperature. The cells were then washed and suspended in buffer containing 1 mM calcium. Fluorescence was detected at 530 nm, with excitation at 505 nm. ST alone did not cause calcium transients, but enhanced the transients elicited by PTH response. added 5 min before the hormone. Another protein kinase inhibitor H-7 likewise enhanced the calcium responses elicited by PTH, while genistein did not affect PTH response. Calcium transients elicited by $\alpha$-TH were also enhanced by ST. The results suggest that there might be tonically activated endogenous protein kinase(s) which inhibit calcium signaling of some calcemic agents.