• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

현재 노상토의 특성평가를 위한 실내실험은 주로 충격다짐방법을 적용한 Proctor다짐(A다짐 또는 D다짐)이 이용되고 있다. 그러나, 현장의 경우 로울러를 이용한 압착형태의 다짐방법이 이용된다. 이러한 실내다짐방법과 현장다짐방법의 차이는 결국 실내실험으로부터 결정된 노상토의 물성치 적용시 상당한 오차를 포함함을 의미한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 선회다짐기를 이용한 흙의 다짐평가를 시행하였다. 선회다짐기는 교통하중에 의해 발생하는 아스팔트 혼합물의 현장 밀도를 실내에서 재현하기 위해 제작된 것으로 현장에서 얻어지는 골재입자의 배열과 유사하게 다진다는 장점이 있다. 하지만, 선회다짐기는 초기 아스팔트 시편 제작을 위해 설계되었기 때문에 흙의 다짐도 평가에는 몇 가지 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 선회다짐기를 이용하여 흙의 다짐시험을 할 때 발생되는 문제점을 파악하고, 그 해결방안을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 다짐압력, 다짐횟수, 다짐속도에 따른 다짐 전 후의 함수비 및 무게 차이를 비교하고, 다짐 후 함수비변화가 일어나지 않는 최대함수비를찾고, 다짐곡선 작도에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.625-636
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• 2013

Pressing demands of economic competitiveness, the need for large-scale deployment, minimizing the need of human intervention, and experience from the past events and incidents at operating reactors have guided the evolution and innovations in reactor technologies. Indian innovative reactor 'AHWR' is a pressure-tube type natural circulation based boiling water reactor that is designed to meet such requirements, which essentially reflect the needs of next generation reactors. The reactor employs various passive features to prevent and mitigate accidental conditions, like a slightly negative void reactivity coefficient, passive poison injection to scram the reactor in event of failure of the wired shutdown systems, a large elevated pool of water as a heat sink inside the containment, passive decay heat removal based on natural circulation and passive valves, passive ECC injection, etc. It is designed to meet the fundamental safety requirements of safe shutdown, safe decay heat removal and confinement of activity with no impact in public domain, and hence, no need for emergency planning under all conceivable scenarios. This paper examines the role of the various passive safety systems in prevention and mitigation of severe plant conditions that may arise in event of multiple failures. For the purpose of demonstration of the effectiveness of its passive features, postulated scenarios on the lines of three major severe accidents in the history of nuclear power reactors are considered, namely; the Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Severe plant conditions along the lines of these scenarios are postulated to the extent conceivable in the reactor under consideration and analyzed using best estimate system thermal-hydraulics code RELAP5/Mod3.2. It is found that the various passive systems incorporated enable the reactor to tolerate the postulated accident conditions without causing severe plant conditions and core degradation.

• Geosciences Journal
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.871-880
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• 2018

During and shortly after the 2017 Pohang Earthquake ($M_w$ 5.4), sand blows were observed around the epicenter for the first time since the beginning of instrumental seismic recording in South Korea. We carried out field surveys plus satellite and drone imagery analyses, resulting in observation of approximately 600 sand blows on Quaternary sediment cover in this area. Most were observed within 3 km of the epicenter, with the farthest being 15 km away. In order to investigate the ground's susceptibility to liquefaction, we conducted a trench study of a 30 m-long sand blow in a rice field 1 km from the earthquake epicenter. The physical characteristics of the liquified sediments (grain size, impermeable barriers, saturation, and low overburden pressure) closely matched the optimum ground conditions for liquefaction. Additionally, we found a series of soft sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) within the trench walls, such as load structures and water-escaped structures. The latter were vertically connected to sand blows on the surface, reflecting seismogenic liquefaction involving subsurface deformation during sand blow formation. This genetic linkage suggests that SSDS research would be useful for identifying prehistoric damage-inducing earthquakes ($M_w$ > 5.0) in South Korea because SSDSs have a lower formation threshold and higher preservational potential than geomorphic markers formed by surface ruptures. Thus, future combined studies of Quaternary surface faults and SSDSs are required to provide reliable paleoseismological information in Korea.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

최근 고강도 및 고내구성에 대한 인식이 높아지면서 고성능 숏크리트에 대한 연구가 일부 진행되기도 하였으나, 국외 선진국에 비하면 아직 초보 단계에 그치고 있다. 즉 강도와 내구성 평가만 일부 이루어졌고, 시공성을 대변하는 펌핑성능(Pumpability)과 뿜칠성능(Shootability)에 대한 평가가 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 논문의 목표는 국내 습식 숏크리트의 고성능화에서 고시공성에 대한 연구로, 이를 위해 실리카 흄(0.0, 4.5, 9%), AE제(0.0, 0.005%)를 주요 변수로 하여 시공성 평가를 위해서 레오미터를 사용한 레올로지를 측정하였을 뿐만 아니라, 펌프압, 리바운드율, 붙임두께 등을 측정하여 비교고찰 하였다. AE제와 고성능 감수제가 레올로지 특성에 미치는 영향을 고찰한 결과 AE제는 흐름저항(Flow Resistance, G)과 토크점성(Torque Viscosity, H)이 모두 일정하게 감소되었고, 실리카 흄은 흐름저항(G)은 증가 토크점성(H)은 감소한 결과가 나타났다. 펌핑성능과 레올로지 관계에서 토크점도(H)가 증가함에 따라 필요 펌핑 압송력이 상승하는 결과를 얻었고, 뿜칠성능과 레올로지 관계에서는 흐름저항(G)가 증가할수록 최대 붙임두께는 증대 리바운드율은 감소하는 경향을 얻었다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2007

플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그를 함유하고 물-결합재비가 낮은 고성능 콘크리트의 자기건조에 의한 습도감소와 수축과의 연관성을 파악하기 위하여 내부 습도와 변형률을 측정하였다. 그 결과 일반 콘크리트 내부 습도 감소는 약 10% 수축변형률은 약 $320{\times}10^{-6}$까지 진행하였으며 플라이 애쉬 10%, 20% 혼입한 콘크리트의 경우 각각 10%, 7%의 습도 감소와 $274{\times}10^{-6}$, $231{\times}10^{-6}$의 변형률을 나타내었다. 고로슬래그 40%, 50%를 혼입한 콘크리트는 11%, $371{\times}10^{-6}$, O30G50은 11%, $350{\times}10^{-6}$의 습도감소와 수축 변형률을 나타내었으며 플라이 애쉬 혼입 콘크리트는 일반 콘크리트에 비해 습도 감소량과 변형률이 감소하며 고로슬래그 혼입 콘크리트는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 자기수축의 경우 내부 습도와 변형률의 관계만을 고려할 때 플라이 애쉬, 고로슬래그 혼입 유무에 상관없이 모두 습도와 변형률은 강한 선형성을 보였다. 콘크리트 내부 습도 변화와 수축변형률의 관계를 보다 구체화하기 위하여 콘크리트 내부 공극을 단일 네트워크로 가정하고 확장 메니스커스 생성 가정 하에 공극수에서 발생하는 모세관 압력과 수화조직체에서 발생하는 표면에너지 변화를 습도의 함수로 모델링하여 수축의 구동력으로 작용시킨 결과 실험값과 비교적 일치하는 값을 나타내었다. 이를 근거로 물-결합재비가 낮은 고성능 콘크리트에서 자기건조에 의한 습도감소는 20nm이하의 소형공극에서 발생함을 파악할 수 있었으며 따라서 자기수축에 대한 제어 방안은 이러한 소형공극에서의 공극수 표면장력과 포화도에 초점을 맞추어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 현장발생토사, 정수장슬러지 및 폐타이어분말 등 재활용 재료를 이용한 유동성 뒤채움재의 현장적용성 평가를 위해 실내모형실험 및 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 실내모형실험은 교통하중을 모사한 정하중을 이용하였고, 현장에서의 시공과정을 고려하여 터파기, 베딩재시공 및 관부설, 유동성뒤채움재 타설 및 양생, 교통하중재하 순으로 평가하였다. 모형실험에는 관의 내공변위측정계, 토압계, 변형률게이지, LFWD등이 적용되었다. 유동성뒤채움재를 타설하는 시공과정중 관에서 발생한 최대 수직 및 수평변위는 0.83% 및 1.09%로 측정되었다. 양생 후 교통하중 재하시 최대수직 및 수평변위는 2.54 mm 및 3.15 mm이다. 하중제거시 회복되는 수직 및 수평 변형량은 0.603 mm 및 0.676 mm이다. 측정된 수평 및 수직토압으로부터 토압경감효과가 큼을 알 수 있었다. 모형실험에 이용된 재료물성을 이용하여 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 유한요소해석을 통해 다양한 유동성뒤채움재 시공시 PVC관에서 발생하는 변위, 토압, 변형률 등을 평가하였다.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of leg raising and peripheral excercise on recovery of the patients who were applied with dexmedetomidine for their dental surgery. Methods: There were two groups, the experimental group (n=35) and control group (n=35), in this study. We checked blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, sedation level and symptoms such as dizziness and somnolence every 30 minutes. These parameters were assessed throughout the participants' recovery room stay. Leg raising and peripheral excercise were conducted in the experimental group in the recovery room. We have conducted chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA to compare the measured parameters in both groups. Results: The experimental group showed a significant elevation of mean arterial blood pressure, and mitigation of somnolence, sedation and dizziness compared to the control group. Conclusion: Leg raising and peripheral exercise is effective to expedite recovery in the patients who were applied with dexmedetomidine for their dental surgery.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

This paper verifies the difference of the seismic behavior and seismic damage of the neighboring two reinforced concrete piers damaged by the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake. The two piers were almost the same size, carrying slightly different dead load, and were provided with the same reinforcement arrangement except the amount of longitudinal reinforcement at the bottom portion of the piers. The pier with more reinforcement was completely collapsed due to this near field earthquake by shear failure at the longitudinal reinforcement cut-off while the other was only damaged at the bottom by flexure even though the longitudinal reinforcement cut-off was also existed at the mid height of the pier. According to the results of the pseudo dynamic test, the seismic damage was recognized to be greatly dependent on the ground motion characteristics even though the employed ground motions had the same peak acceleration. The severe damage was observed when the test employed the seismic wave that had strong influence to the longer period range compared to the initial natural period of the pier. On the other hand, based on the similar model experiment, the defect of gas-pressure welded splice of longitudinal reinforcement was revealed to save the piers against collapse due to the so-called fail-safe mechanism contrary to the intuitive opinion of some researchers. It was concluded that the primary cause of the collapse of the pier was the extremely strong intensity and peculiar characteristics of the earthquake motion according to both the site-specific and the structure-specific effects.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2014

Nuclear power plants are equipped with the reactor trip system (RTS) and the engineered safety features actuation system (ESFAS) to improve safety on the normal operation. In the event of the design basis accident (DBA), a various of post accident monitor(PAM)systems support to provide important details (e.g. Containment pressure, temperature and pressure of reactor cooling system and core exit temperature) to determine action of main control room (MCR). Operator should be immediately activated for the accident mitigation with the information. Especially, core exit temperature is a critical parameter because the operating mode converts from normal mode to emergency mode when the temperature of core exit reaches $649^{\circ}C$. In this study, uncertainty which was caused by exterior environment, characteristic of thermocouple/connector and accuracy of calibrator/indicator was evaluated in accordance with ANSI-ISA 67.04. The square root of the sum of square (SRSS) methodology for combining uncertainty terms that are random and independent was used in the synthesis. Every uncertainty that may exist in the hardware which is used to measure the core exit temperature was conservatively applied and the associative relation between the elements of uncertainty was considered simultaneously. As a result of uncertainty evaluation, the channel statistical allowance (CSA) of single channel of core exit temperature was +1.042%Span. The range of uncertainty, -0.35%Span ($-4.05^{\circ}C$) ~ +2.08%Span($24.25^{\circ}C$), was obtained as the operating criteria of core exit temperature.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

Wet Scrubber reacts the incoming pollutant gas with cleaning water (water + absorbent) to absorb pollutants and release the clean air to the atmosphere. Wet scrubbers and packed tower scrubbers using this principle are widely used in businesses that emit acid gases. In particular, in the etching process using hydrochloric acid (HCl), alkaline washing water (NaOH) having a pH of about 8 to 11 is used to absorb a large amount of acid gas. However, These salts are attached to the injection nozzle (nozzle), filling material (packing), and the demister (Demister), causing air pollution, human damage, and inoperability due to clogging and acid gas discharge. Therefore, In this study, an improvement plan was proposed to manage the washing water with pH 3~4 acidic washing water. The test method takes samples from the Wet Scrubber flue measurement laboratory twice a month for 1 year. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentration (ppm) was measured, and nozzle clogging and scale conditions were measured, compared, and analyzed through a differential pressure gauge and a pressure gauge. As a result of the check, it was visually confirmed that the scale was reduced to 50% or less in the spray nozzle, filler, and demister. In addition, the emission limit of hydrogen chloride in accordance with the Enforcement Regulation of the Air Quality Conservation Act [Annex 8] met 3 ppm or less. Therefore, even if the washing water is operated in an acidic pH range of 3 to 4, it is expected to reduce air pollution and human damage due to clogging of internal parts, and it is expected to reduce maintenance costs such as regular cleaning or replacement of parts.