• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to explore the patterns of domestic space usage. A questionnaire survey and interview are adopted in this study, and 426 residents living in apartment with 3 bedrooms, stairway access, and 3-bay style in the City of Seoul, Busan and Gwangju. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows: The most typical activities in the Anbang are ${\ulcorner}$sleeping and getting dressed${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$family communication and T.V.watching${\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}$private affairs${\lrcorner}$. The most typical activities in the living room are ${\ulcorner}$family interaction${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$entertaining guest with meals${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$children's private affairs${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$private affairs${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$hobby activities${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$clothes management${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$couple interaction${\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}$occasions${\lrcorner}$. The representative patterns of activities in dining-kitchen is ${\ulcorner}$food preparation${\lrcorner}$.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.240-253
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• 1997

The main problems contributing to food poisoning outbreaks in institutional settings and a home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations of food poisoning. The major documented factors included improper holding temperatures, inadequate cooking, poor personal hygiene, cross-contamination and contaminated equipment, food from unsafe sources, failure to follow food hygiene policies, and lack of education, training, monitoring and superivision. Usually more than one factor contributed to the development of an outbreak. (1) Use of improper holding temperatures was the single most important factor contributing to food poisoning. They included improper cooling, allowing a laps of time (12 hours or more) between preparing food and eating it, improper hot holding, and inadequate or improper thawing. Food thermometers were not used in most of the instances. (2) In inadequate cooking, the core temperature of food during and after cooking had not been measured, and routine monitoring was limited to recording the temperature of plated meals. Compared with conventional methods of cooking, microwave ovens did not protect against food poisoning as effectively. Centralized food preparation potentially increased the risk of food poisoning outbreaks. (3) Poor personal hygiene both at the individual level (improper handwashing and lack of proper hygienic practices) and at the institutional level (poor general sanitization) increased the risk of transmission. Person to person transmission of enteric pathogens through direct contact and via fomites has been noted in several instances. (4) Obtaining food from unsafe sources was a risk factor in outbreaks of food poisoning. Food risks were high when food was grown or harvested from contaminated areas. Possibilities included contamination in the field, in transport, at the retail site, or at the time it was prepared for serving. (5) Cross-contamination and inadequate cleaning/handling of equipment became potential vehicles of food poisoning. Failure to separate cooked food from raw food was also a risk factor. (6) Failure to follow food hygiene policies also provided opportunities for outbreaks of food poisoning. It included improper hygienic practices during food preparation, neglect of personnel policies (involvement of symptomatic workers in food preparation), poor results on routine inspections, and disregarding the results and recommendations of an inspection. (7) Lack of formal and in-service education, training, monitoring, and supervision of food handlers or supervisors were critical and perhaps neglected elements in occurrences of food poisoning.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2021

본 연구는 대구지역 학교급식의 당류 저감화 인식도와 실천도 및 영양교육 실태를 파악하기 위하여 초등학교와 중·고등학교 영양(교)사를 대상으로 2019년 11월 18일부터 12월 13일까지 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였고 응답자는 101명이었으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 대구지역 초중고 영양(교)사들은 한국인의 식생활에서 당류 줄이기 노력의 필요성(4.12점)을 높이 인식하였고, 중고등학교 영양(교)사가 초등학교 영양(교)사에 비하여 학교급식에서 당류 저감화가 더 필요한 것으로 인식하였으며(P = 0.034), 초등학교 영양(교)사가 중·고등학교 영양(교)사보다 국가적 차원에서 당류 저감화 정책을 시행하고 있는 것에 대하여 더 많이 인지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다(P = 0.002). 2. 국가 차원의 당류 줄이기 정책 중 학교(주변)에서 당류 함량 높은 제품의 판매 제한 및 자제 유도(4.26점)에 대한 필요성이 높았고, 다음은 외식용 당류를 줄일 수 있는 조리법과 메뉴 개발 및 지원(4.22점), 학교에서 어린이·청소년 대상 당류 줄이기 교육 강화(4.20점) 등의 순이었다. 3. 대구지역 학교급식 당류 저감화 실천도를 급식단계별로 분석한 결과, 식단작성단계(3.90점), 구매단계(3.86점), 조리단계(3.74점)에서 배식단계(3.54점)에 비하여 당류 저감화 실천도가 높은 것으로 나타났다(P < 0.05). 세부 항목별로는 초등학교에서는 후식은 가공식품보다는 덜 달게 먹을 수 있는 식품으로 대체하기(4.29점), 중·고등학교에서는 단맛을 잘 느낄 수 있는 적정 온도로 배식하기(4.05점)에 대한 실천도가 높았다. 4. 대구지역 학교급식 당류 저감화를 위해 가장 개선되어야 할 사항으로는 급식대상자(학생, 교사)들의 단맛 기호도 변화(4.41점)와 이들의 당류 저감화에 대한 필요성 인식(4.37점)인 것으로 나타났다. 5. 대구지역 영양(교)사들은 당류 저감화 교육 또는 연수경험이 60.4%, 당류 저감화 교육의 유익성은 68.9%, 당류 저감화를 위한 교육자료 및 정보의 불충분성은 59.4%로 나타났다. 학생 대상 당류 저감화 교육은 35.6%가 실시하였고, 교육은 주로 가정통신문 발송(80.6%)과 학교 홈페이지 교육자료 게시(77.8%)의 형태로 이루어졌다. 학교급식 당류 저감화를 보다 활성화하기 위해서는 급식 대상자(학생, 교사)들의 단맛 기호도 변화와 더불어 당류 저감화 필요성에 대한 인식을 높일 수 있도록 지속해서 이들에 대한 당류 저감화 교육과 홍보가 필요하다. 또한 영양(교)사들이 활용할 수 있는 당류 저감화 교육자료 개발 및 이들을 위한 연수 또는 교육의 기회도 확대되어야 할 것이다. 더불어 학생 대상 당류 저감화 교육은 현행 가정통신문 교육보다는 효과적인 교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 교육부에서 실제적인 영양교육 시수 확보 등의 제도적 장치를 마련하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 2013

본 연구는 전국 8개 도시지역 초등학교 5학년생을 대상으로 건강신념모델에 기초하여 초등학생의 식습관과 관련한 질병 가능성과 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식, 건강 행동으로서 우리 전통 식생활의 실천에 따른 장점 (행동 수행시의 이득) 및 어려움 (장애 요인에 대한 인식), 그리고 식이 자아효능감을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 본 조사대상 초등학생들은 남녀 모두 매일 세끼 식사를 하는 편이었고 감사하는 마음으로 식사를 하는 경향이었다. 그러나 식사나 간식을 규칙적으로 먹는 정도와 야참 섭취는 보통보다 다소 높은 수준으로 그리 양호한 편은 아니었다. 식품선택 습관에 있어 남녀 모두 밥 위주의 식사와 매끼 김치와 채소반찬을 먹는 정도는 4.0 이상으로 높았으나 그 이외의 과일, 생선, 두부나 된장류, 고기류, 단 음식의 섭취는 보통 정도 수준으로 양호한 수준은 아니었다. 초등학생들은 남녀 간의 차이 없이 자신의 식생활과 관련하여 질병 가능성과 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식이 보통 정도에 불과하여 질병 위협에 대한 인식이 높지 않았으며, 특히 질병 가능성에 대한 인식보다 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식이 더 낮았다. 그들은 우리 전통 식생활을 실천하면 영양과 건강 측면에서 좋다고 인식하고 있었고 기호 측면에서도 영양 측면보다는 낮으나 비교적 좋게 인식하고 있었다. 또한 그들은 우리 전통식생활에 대해 비교적 높은 자부심을 나타내었다. 초등학생들은 우리 전통 식생활을 실천하는데 있어 전반적으로는 크게 어려움을 느끼지 않는다고 생각하고 있었는데 항목별로 볼 때 습관이나 기호보다는 이용성과 조리기술에서 더 어려움을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 초등학생들의 우리 전통 식생활 실천에 대한 식이 자아효능감은 비교적 높은 편이었고 식행동의 대부분 항목과 식품 선택 습관의 모든 항목에서 자신이 있다고 하였다. 반면에 자기 조절 항목 중 음식을 권할 때 거절하기와 음식 앞에서 먹지 않고 참기, 그리고 전통음식 조리에는 다소 자신감이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 초등학생들은 질병 가능성이나 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식, 우리 전통 식생활 실천에 대한 행동 수행시의 이득에서는 남녀간에 차이가 없었으나 우리 전통 식생활을 실천하는데 있어 여학생이 남학생보다 덜 어려워하는 것으로 나타났고 식이 자아효능감도 여학생이 남학생보다 높았다. 초등학생의 식습관은 식이 자아효능감 (${\alpha}$ = 0.675), 질병 가능성에 대한 인식 (${\alpha}$ = 0.581), 행동 수행시의 이득 (${\alpha}$ = 0.339), 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식 (${\alpha}$ = 0.143) 순으로 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 식이 자아효능감, 질병 가능성에 대한 인식, 장애 요인에 대한 인식, 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식이 초등학생들의 식습관에 영향을 미치는 유의한 요인들이었고 이들 요인에 의한 설명력은 53.5%이었다. 그중 식이 자아효능감이 초등학생의 식습관에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 (${\beta}$ = 0.472). 결론적으로 우리나라 초등학생들은 식습관이 우리 전통 식생활 측면에서 볼 때 보통 정도로 우려할 정도는 아니나 바람직하다고 볼 수는 없었고, 자신의 식생활과 관련하여 질병 가능성이나 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식이 높지 않은 편이었다. 따라서 초등학생들에게 그들의 바람직하지 못한 식생활 또는 식습관과 관련한 질병 가능성과 질병의 심각성에 대한 인식을 높일 수 있는 교육이 우선적으로 이루어져야 한다. 다행스럽게도 그들은 우리 전통 식생활을 실천하면 영양, 건강, 기호 측면에서 좋다고 인식하고 있었고 우리 전통 식생활에 대한 자부심도 높은 편이었다. 또한 그들은 우리 전통 식생활을 실천하는데 있어 전반적으로 크게 어려움을 느끼지 않았고 전통식생활 실천에 대한 식이 자아효능감도 비교적 높은 편이었다. 그러나 그들은 가정과 사회에서 전통음식을 접할 기회가 적고 전통음식 조리에 대해 어려움을 느끼고 있었으며 먹어보지 않은 음식에 대한 식이 자아효능감이 낮았다. 따라서 초등학생들에게 우리 전통 식생활에 관심을 가지고 더 많이 섭취하도록 동기를 부여하기 위해서는 조리 활동이 포함된 우리전통 식생활 교육과 더불어 가정이나 사회에서 우리 전통음식을 접할 기회를 많이 제공해야 할 필요가 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of foodservice managers in childcare centers and kindergartens for identifying the vulnerable areas of safety management. The foodservice managers in 1,144 of nationwide childcare centers and kindergartens were surveyed from May to October 2007 to answer a total 72 questions in areas of general characteristics, actual practice of foodservice management and safety management perception. Meals were served in 97.7% of surveyed facilities and 91.0% among them were self-operated. The hiring rate (27.8%) of dietitians in childcare centers was significantly lower than the rate (82.0%) of kindergartens. The needs of dietitian employment between childcare centers and kindergartens differed as 44.9% and 87.5%, respectively. In knowledge on food-borne illnesses, they have the wrong information in the field of season for frequent outbreak, major pathogens and foods causing food-borne illnesses. The food-borne illnesses (36.2%) were indicated as the major problem in foodservice facilities and the degree of risk exposure was considered as safe (70.1%). More than 70% of both facilities answered as sanitary in the status of personal hygiene. Only 38.0% recognized the Facility and Equipment Standard in the Childcare Law and Early Childhood Education Law. In preparation of meals and management of cooking processes, kindergarten scored significantly high compared to childcare centers (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) while the necessity of standards was not different in both facilities. Among managers surveyed, 28.8% had taken food safety education from professional institutions and more than 80% in both facilities indicated the need of professional educations. These results suggest that it is necessary for the systematic sanitary education of foodservice managers by developing the sanitary management standard as well as the amendment of laws related foodservice in childcare centers and kindergartens.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.477-492
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• 2003

The purposes of the study were to establish HACCP-based standards and guidelines for conducting a plan review to build, or renovate, hospital food service establishments, and ensure the safety of foodservice and reduce the risk of food borne illness. The scope of the study included suggestion for the planning of hospital foodservice facilities: layout, design, equipment and modeling. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) The development of a foodservice facility plan based on the results of a survey, literature reviews and the results of interviews with foodservice managers from 9 general hospitals. This was composed of operational policies in foodservices, layout characteristics, space allocation, selection, design, specification standards for equipment and the construction principles of foodservice facilities. 2) Two foodservice facility models were developed, one for general hospitals with 900 beds (2,000 patients and 2,500 employee meals per day) and the other for general hospitals with 300 beds (600 patients and 650 employees meals per day). 3) The suggested kitchen space requirements for the foodservice facility models were 341.2 ㎡ (W 17,100mm x L 23,700mm) and 998.8㎡ (W 35,600mm x L 32,800mm) for the 300 and 900 beds hospitals, respectively, with both designs being rectangular. The space requirements for the equipment, in relation to the total operational area, in terms of ratios were 1:3.5 and 1:3.8 for the 300 and 900 beds hospitals, respectively. The recommended space allowances per bed for the developed foodservice facility models were 1.15 ㎡ and 1.11 ㎡ for the 300 and 900 beds hospitals, respectively, which were increased by more than 30% compared to those suggested in the precedent study, and considered appropriate for the implementation of the HACCP system. 4) The hospital foodservice facilities plans and models were developed based on the general sanitation standards, guidelines and the HACCP system, and included foodservice facility layout, product flow, physical separation between contaminated and sanitary areas, foodservice facility specifications with a 1/300 scale for a 300 bed, and a 1/400 scale for a 900 beds blueprint. 5) The main features of the developed foodservice facility plans and models were; physical separation between contaminated and sanitary areas to prevent cross contamination, product flow in one direction from the arrival of the raw material to the finished product, and separation of different work areas and the process of receiving & preparation of products, refrigeration & storage, cooking, assembly, cleaning & disinfection, employee areas and janitorial facilities. The proposed models from this study were presented as examples for those wanting to build, or renovate, their facility for the production of foods.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate food habits of boy students and to know the difference in food habits between boy and girl students. A previous study had been conducted to girl students in 1998 and this study was carried to boy students in Oct. 2000 using the questionnaires. The subjects were 783 boy students in middle school, high school and university students living in Jeonbuk region. The average score of food habits was $4.09{\pm}1.72$ out of a possible 10(middle school students were $4.96{\pm}1.85$, high school students were $4.17{\pm}1.61$ and university students were $3.15{\pm}1.70$). The average is similar $4.11{\pm}1.63$ to girl students in 1998. The correlation coefficient between the score of food habits and standard of living, present residence, taking nutritional supplements, and sort of school was positive. As a staple food, cooked rice was preferred 95.9% of subjects and this result is similar to girl students of previous study. The most preferred side-dishes was different between girl and boy students. Boy students liked stew the best, but girl students liked Kimchi the best. The most preferred snacks was fruits and fruit juice. The portion of eating cooked rice in boy students (87.8%) was decreased than girl students(90.6%) at breakfast. The main meal to have soup & stew was supper and the most delicious meal was also supper, but primary meal skipped was breakfast. The reasons for skipping breakfast were lack of time(38.7%) and no appetite(17.6%), skipping lunch was missing a time to eat(8.4%), and skipping supper was no appetite(10.5%). Substitution food on no preparation of lunch basket was difference between middle and high school students and university students. Middle and high school students ate noodles and university student ate cooked rice. The preference of snack was that chicken(20.3%) was the best. The time of eating snacks was that anytime(38.6%) was the first, after supper(13.7%) was next. In order to improve the nutritional status of boy students, they must establish good food habits by eating three regular meals per day and balancing their diet. Especially university student must build their regular life style, so they would have three regular meals.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.219-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the common characteristics of eating behaviors of the long-lived elderly in order to offer the basic data for establishing dietary guidelines for a long and healthy life for the general population. The subjects were three-hundred elderly people over age 85 living in Kyungpook Sung-ju who have no problems in daily living. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge and attitudes, meal patterns, and food preferences of the subjects were surveyed by individual intervies. The levels of the nutrition knowledge of the subjects were very low(average score ; 4.3) and the correlation coefficient between their nutrition knowledge and attitude score was also low(r=0.323, p=0.000). Most of the subjects(93%) had a regular meal pattern consuming three meals a day. The major staple food was rice mixed with other grains(75%) and the number of side dishes was mostly under four(99%). A majority(73%) had no habit of overeating and 51% of the subjects were taking snacks besides regular meals. Thirty one percent of the subjects had drinking habits and 80% of the drinking subjects had over 40 years of drinking history. The most common frequencies for intakes of various food groups were ; more than once a day(95%) for vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(74%) for green and orange color vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2∼3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2-3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2-3 times a week(85%) for seaweeds and 2-3 times a week(81%) for foods cooked with oil. The most preferred foods by the subjects were white rice(staple foods), soybean paste soup(soups), beef and eggs(meats and eggs), yellow croaker and hair tail(fish and shellfish), yoghurt(milk and milk products), all vegetables except carrot(vegetables), and watermelon(fruits). The popular food preparation methods included mixing with seasonings and the most preferred taste was sweet. The results showed that the eating pattern of long-lived elderly was characterized by regularity, simplicity, and no overeating.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2019

Objectives: The occurrence of norovirus food poisoning in South Korea has been reported since 2003. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of norovirus food poisoning outbreaks in Korea from 2006 to 2015 and to analyze the relationship between these outbreaks and climate factors. Methods: Data on norovirus food poisoning outbreaks were obtained from the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Data on climate factors were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis were adopted for this study. Results: During the study period, norovirus was the greatest contributing factor of food poisoning outbreaks. Approximately half of the outbreaks of norovirus food poisoning occurred in winter. Average temperature, highest and lowest temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity all had a significant negative correlation with monthly number of outbreaks of norovirus food poisoning (p<0.05). Among these, the lowest and average temperature showed higher correlation coefficients. However, the sum of the outbreaks in spring and autumn was similar to that of winter, and more than one-third occurred in group meal-service settings, including school lunches. This was strongly assumed as the use of norovirus-contaminated groundwater for preparation of meals in some settings. Conclusion: The cold and dry of the winter season in Korea may assist the transmission of norovirus. Also, the use of groundwater in group meal service is suspected of inducing a larger scale of norovirus food poisoning. Both health authorities and community-based prevention and control measures are required to respond to these complex etiological outbreaks.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.185-200
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• 1995

In this survey, we investigated the way of thinking about meal management of housewives including the sincerity to meal preparation, the eating practices and cronic degenerative diseases related dietary behaviors, and studied the effects of above factors on the real food intakes. We also investigated the trends of health-foods and nutrient supplements usage. The results obtained from 506 housewives in Seoul were summarized as follows. Although our subjects prepared their meals habitually without special concern, they did not prefer the use of convenient foods. The food prefrence of housewivess who had more child and refered higher life status was similar with other family members. The dietary attitudes were good in large family, the higher income and the more child group. The highly educated group skipped breakfast more frequently. The mealmanagers with better education career and good living status considered for the restriction of salty foods, sweet foods, animal fats and pungent foods, and for the nutritionally balanced diet. The high income group showed great concerns about weight gain at meal times. The nutritional qualities expressed by the frequency of food group intakes were high in the better educated and living status groups, and their eating frequencies of animal protein foods and calcium sources were significantly high. Mealmanagers who had no job intaked vegetable oils through frying foods frequently. The use of health-foods and nutrient supplements was influenced by age, educational and economic level and self-estimated living status, but the trends in prevalence of both were not consistent. Health-foods were prefered by the groups of high educational career, affluent income and advanced living status, and low educational career, low income and low living status groups favored the nutrient supplements. The restrictive intake of animal fat and the use of health-food were positively correlated, which seemed that the subjects used health-foods as supplements in compensation for nutritional unbalance caused by the avoidance of animal protein foods.