• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.241-248
• /
• 2007

Cytokinins are essential plant hormones that play crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. By using mRNA differential display, we isolated a cytokinine-inducible cDNA encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) 4 from Arabidopsis amp1 mutant. The full-length PR4 cDNA, designated AtPR4, contains an open reading frame of 212 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 22,900 Da and isoelectric point (pI) of 7.89. Genomic DNA blotting showed that the Arabidopsis genome has one copy of AtPR4. AtPR4 mRNA was induced by cytokinin and NaCl, but decreased by SA or JA treatment. PR proteins are induced in response to pathogen attack. Thus the AtPR4 gene isolated in this study may be a useful candidate for genetic engineering of forage crops for increased tolerance against pathogen.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.241-261
• /
• 2002

In der Grammatik $f\"{u}r$ die Lernenden werden die deutschen Tempora nach dem lateinischen Vorbild dargestellt: $Pr\"{a}sens,\;Pr\"{a}teritum$, Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I und Futur II. Und diese sechs Tempora werden in die drei Zeitstufen kIassifiziert: Gegenwart, Vergangenheit und Zukunft. Aber die Zeitformen $k\"{o}nnen$ nicht in direkter und geradliniger Weise auf bestimmte objektive Zeiten beziehen. Das $Verh\"{a}ltnis$ zwischen Zeitinhalt und Zeitform ist verwickelter und komplexer. Man denkt nach, wie viele Tempora es in der deutschen Sprache gibt und warum die Tempora Funktionen, die nicht nur Zeitinhalt, sondern auch andere Inhalte(z.B. modale) $ausdr\"{u}ken$, haben. Urn die Probleme zu $erl\"{a}utern$, sollen wir die deutschen Tempora von der lateinischen Tempuskategorie abtrennen und ein geeignetes Tempussystem $f\"{u}r$ die deutsche Sprache suchen. Dazu $m\"{u}ssen$ wir beobachten, Wie die deutschen Tempora konstruiert wurden. Im Lateinischen handelt es sich bei allen sechs Tempora um Verbformen, um bestimmte ($n\"{a}mlich$ die indikativischen) Formen des finiten Verbs. Im Deutschen aber finden wir unter den Tempora nur zwei richtige Verbformen $(Pr\"{a}sens\;und\;Pr\"{a}teriturn),\;die\;\"{u}brigen$ Tempora sind verbale Komplexe, drei zweiwortige (Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I) und ein dreiwortiger (Futur II). Und das deutsche Tempussystem besteht aus den zwei Polen: Vergangenes und Nicht-Vergangenes oder $Temporalit\"{a}t\;und\;Atemporalit\"{a}t$. Die Tempusform $Pr\"{a}teritum\;geh\"{o}rt\;zu\;Temporalit\"{a}t$ und die Tempusform $Pr\"{a}sens\;zu\;Atemporalit\"{a}t$. Das $Pr\"{a}sens\;und\;das\;Pr\"{a}teritum$ sind die Grundtempora im Deutschen und die $\"{u}brigen$ Tempora sind die durch den Aspekt erweiterten und die zusammengesetzten Tempora. Sie haben deswegen die inneren Merkmale Aspekt und Modale $au{\ss}er$ Zeitbezug. Wir $k\"{o}nnen$ diese inneren Merkmale im Tempusgebrauch feststellen. Als Funktionen der Tempora der deutschen Sprache im Tempusgebrauch sind zu registrieren: Bezeichnung zeitlicher Gegebenheit, modale Implikationen, Aspektangaben und semantische Akzentuierungen. Und noch eins: Die Funktion des neutralen Referieren des Inhaltes durch das atemporale $Pr\"{a}sens$. Das $Pr\"{a}sens$ wird durch diese Referentfunktion zu dem Haupttempus auch in der geschriebenen Sprache. Trotzdem nennt man das $Pr\"{a}teritum$ in der geschriebenen Sprache das Haupttempus. Ist das $Pr\"{a}teritum$ dann in der Tat in der geschriebenen Sprache das Haupttempus? Genau genommen ist das $Pr\"{a}sens$ offenbar ein Haupttempus. Es wird nicht nur in der gesprochenen Sprache, sowohl auch in den geschriebenen nichtbelletristischen Texten $haupts\"{a}chlich$ benutzt. Aber nur die belletristischen Texte werden durch das $Pr\"{a}teritum$ beherrscht. Der Gebrauch des $Pr\"{a}teritums$ als Haupttempus $beschr\"{a}nkt$ sich nur auf die Belletristik. Wir glauben, die Untersuchung $\"{u}ber$ den Tempusgebrauch und die Tempusfunktion in den verschiedenen Textsorten sei besonders dem Nichtmuttersprachler wichtig, weil die Textsorten beim Tempusgebrauch eine Wahl des Tempus beeinflussen.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.18
• /
• pp.7959-7964
• /
• 2014

The significance of the single hormone receptor positive phenotype of breast cancer is still poorly understood. The use of hormone therapy has been found to be less effective for this type, which has a survival outcome midway between double positive and double negative phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in patient and tumor characteristics and survival between double-receptor positive (ER+PR+), double receptor negative (ER-PR-) and single receptor positive (ER+PR- and ER-PR+) breast cancer in an Asian setting. A total of 1,992 patients with newly diagnosed stage I to IV breast cancer between 2003 and 2008, and where information on ER and PR were available, were included in this study. The majority of patients had ER+PR+ tumors (n=903: 45.3%), followed by 741 (37.2%) ER-PR-, 247 (12.4%) ER+PR-, and 101 (5.1%) ER-PR+ tumors. Using multivariate analysis, ER+PR- tumors were 2.4 times more likely to be grade 3 compared to ER+PR+ tumors. ER+PR- and ER-PR+ tumors were 82% and 86% respectively less likely to be grade 3 compared with ER-PR- tumors. ER-PR+ tumours were associated with younger age. There were no survival differences between patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors. However, ER+PR- tumors have poorer survival compared with ER+PR+ tumours. ER-PR- tumours had the worst survival. Adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen was found to have identical survival advantage in patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors whereas impact was slightly lower in patients with ER+PR- tumors. In conclusion, we found ER+PR- tumors to be more aggressive and have poorer survival when compared to ER+PR+ tumors, while patients with ER-PR+ tumours were younger, but had a similar survival to their counterparts with ER+PR+ tumours.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.591-599
• /
• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.625-631
• /
• 2018

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let R[x] be the collection of polynomials with coefficients in R. There are a lot of multiplications in R[x] such that together with the usual addition, R[x] becomes a ring that contains R as a subring. These multiplications are from a class of functions ${\lambda}$ from ${\mathbb{N}}_0$ to ${\mathbb{N}}$. The trivial case when ${\lambda}(i)=1$ for all i gives the usual polynomial ring. Among nontrivial cases, there is an important one, namely, the case when ${\lambda}(i)=i!$ for all i. For this case, it gives the well-known Hurwitz polynomial ring $R_H[x]$. In this paper, we completely determine the Krull dimension of $R_H[x]$ when R is a $Pr{\ddot{u}}fer$ domain. Let R be a $Pr{\ddot{u}}fer$ domain. We show that dim $R_H[x]={\dim}\;R+1$ if R has characteristic zero and dim $R_H[x]={\dim}\;R$ otherwise.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.7
• /
• pp.637-642
• /
• 1996

Preparation and properties of potential CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) precursors for the TiO2, a major component of the perovskite materials such as PT, PLT, PZT, and PLZT were investigated. Reactions between β-diketones and TiMe3, formed in situ failed to produce stable Ti(β-diketonate)3 complexes but a stable purple solid, characterized as (OTi(BPP)2)2 (BPP=1,3-biphenyl-1,3-propanedione) was obtained when BPP was used. Several new Ti(Oi-Pr)2(β-diketonate)2 complexes with aromatic or ring substituents were synthesized by the substitution reaction of Ti(OiPr)4by β-diketones and characterized with 1H NMR, IR, ICP, and TGA. Solid complexes such as Ti(Oi-Pr)2(BAC)2 (BAC=1.-phenyl-2,4-pentanedione), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(BPP)2, Ti(Oi-Pr)2(1-HAN)2 (1-HAN=2-hydroxy-1-acetonaphthone), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(2-HAN)2 (2-HAN=1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(ACCP)2 (ACCP=2-acetylcyclopentanone), and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HBP)2 (HBP=2-hydroxybenzophenone) were found to be stable toward moisture and air. Ti(Oi-Pr)2(ACCP)2 and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HBP)2 were proved to have lower melting points and higher decomposition temperatures. However, these complexes are thermally stable and pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere resulted in incomplete decomposition. Ti(Oi-Pr)2(DPM)2 (DPM=dipivaloylmethane) and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HFAA)2 (HFAA=hexafluoroacetylacetone) were sublimed substantially during the thermal decomposition. Pyrolysis mechanism of these complexes are dependent on type of β-diketone but removal of Oi-Pr ligands occurs before the decomposition of β-diketonate ligands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.669-675
• /
• 2000

This study investigated the effect of Puerariae Flos (PF; flower of Puerariae plant) and Puerariae Radix (PR; root of Puerariae plant) water extracts on the activities on the activities of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and free radical generating/scavenging enzymes of brain in ethanol-treated rats. Five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered ethanol (25%, v/v) 5 g/kg body weight/day, and sacrificed 5 weeks post treatment. PF and PR water extracts were supplemented in a diet based on 1.2g (I) or 2.4 g (II) raw PF or PR/kg body weight/day. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of brain was significantly lowered in PF of PR groups, whereas aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in PR groups than those of control and PF groups. Cytochrome P-450 content, aminopyrine D-methylase and aniline hydroxylase activities were decreased in both PF and PR groups compared to control group. Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase activities tended to decrease by Puerariae plant extract supplemented goups and degree of decrease predominated in PRI. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities were increased in PF or PR groups, whereas glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly decrased by Puerariae plant extracts supplement. These results indicated that supplementation of PF or PR lowers free radical generating enzymes activities. It was suggested that the activities of ethanol metabolizing emzymes and antioxidant enzymes in brain can be enhanced by PF or PR supplement in ethanol-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.341-347
• /
• 1998

We analyzed photoreflectance (PR) characterization of the $Al_xGa_{1-x}As$ epilayer grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The band-gap energy $(E_0)$ satisfying low power Franx-Keldysh (LPFK) due to GaAs buffer layer is 1.415 eV, interface electricall field $(E_i)$ is 1.05$\times$$10^4$V/cm, carrier concentration (N) is $1.3{\times}10^{15}\textrm{cm}^{-3}$. In PR spectrum intensity analysis at 300 K the $A^*$ peak below $(E_0)$ signal is low and distorted because of residual impurity in sample growth. The trap characteristic time ${\tau}_i$ of GaAs buffer layer is about 0.086 ms, and two superposed PR signal near 1.42eV consist of the third derivative signal of chemically eteched GaAs substrate and Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO) signal due to GaAs buffer layer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.512-515
• /
• 2016

A new viologen derivative namely 1,1'-bis(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diium bromide (V-Pr-2OH) was synthesized and applied as a cathode buffer layer to inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on the blend of PTB7 : $PC_{71}BM$. PSCs with the structure of ITO/V-Pr-2OH/PTB7 : $PC_{71}BM/MoO_3/Ag$ as the cathode buffer layer showed the power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 7.28%, which is comparable to that of the PSCs with the structure of ITO/ZnO/PTB7 : $PC_{71}BM/MoO_3/Ag$ (7.44%) in the absence of V-Pr-2OH. This study demonstrates that a highly efficient PSCs without any high temperature heat treatment can be obtained.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1495-1502
• /
• 2014

Metarhizium anisopliae is a widely studied model to understand the virulence factors that participate in pathogenicity. Proteases such as subtilisin-like enzymes (Pr1) and trypsin-like enzymes (Pr2) are considered important factors for insect cuticle degradation. In four M. anisopliae strains (798, 6342, 6345, and 6347), the presence of pr1 and pr2 genes, as well as the enzymatic activity of these genes, was correlated with their virulence against two different insect pests. The 11 pr1 genes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K) and pr2 gene were found in all strains. The activity of individual Pr1 and Pr2 proteases exhibited variation in time (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and in the presence or absence of chitin as the inductor. The highest Pr1 enzymatic activity was shown by strain 798 at 48 h with chitin. The highest Pr2 enzymatic activity was exhibited by the 6342 and 6347 strains, both grown with chitin at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Highest mortality on S. exigua was caused by strain 6342 at 48 h, and strains 6342, 6345, and 6347 caused the highest mortality 7 days later. Mortality on Prosapia reached 30% without variation. The presence of subtilisin and trypsin genes and the activity of these proteases in M. anisopliae strains cannot be associated with the virulence against the two insect pests. Probably, subtilisin and trypsin enzyme production is not a vital factor for pathogenicity, but its contribution is important to the pathogenicity process.