• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-36
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• 2022

This study aims to provide basic data for high-quality street tree management by setting reasonable management items and appropriate unit prices by reviewing the adequacy of current street tree management. Currently, street tree management items, except for street tree pruning, use general landscape tree quantity per unit for the street tree management quantity per unit. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) applied pruning items from standard electric production infrastructure and carried out the activities at an average unit price of 51% lower for heavy pruning and 39% lower for light pruning than the standard estimate. This was judged to be a level that could not maintain or increase the quality of street tree management. It was determined that an appropriate standard unit price for street tree management was necessary. To improve the quantity per unit for the proper management of street trees, it was necessary to review costs in the field. However, due to the absence of data on actual construction costs in the domestic landscape field, detailed items of the US RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data (RSMeans) were reviewed, and the actual construction costs were calculated by applying personal domestic expenses. As a result, the standard of the estimated unit showed a good ratio of 107% for heavy pruning of street tree pruning compared to the actual construction cost, but light pruning was underestimated with a 59% ratio. Shrub pruning was 82%, weeding was 92%, tree fertilization was 87%, and windbreak wall installation was 91% under-engineered. In addition, it was also confirmed that the watering by sprinkler trucks and chemical spraying were over-designed compared to the actual construction cost at the rates of 118% and 124%, respectively. Due to the specificity of the street trees, the increase in personal expenses and the input cost of equipment, such as road safety controls, were judged to be the main cause of the underestimation of items. Therefore, it is necessary to add items related to street trees and general landscape trees to the landscape maintenance items of the standard of the estimated unit.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) factors in the Supply Chain Management (SCM) context focusing on ashion apparel company. Especially, this study reveals whether a long term relationship is beneficial for all businesses regardless of negotiation power leverage. To this end, the mixed research methods that combined qualitative and quantitative approaches were conducted. The findings of this study are as follows: First, the research model which is CRMs for interactive relationship building were developed. Second, cause-and-effect relationships in the proposed model were partially supported depending on CRMs. The most effective CRMs offered are a guarantee of sales and a special discount. Customized products and quality, convenience, competitive pricing, and development of a product/system/service were effective to ultimately increase a switching cost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.416-416
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• 2016

Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells have received attention because it has a number of advantages with excellent light harvesting, high carrier mobility, and facile solution processability and also recorded recently power conversion efficiency (PCEs) of over 20%. The major issue on perovskite solar cells have been reached the limit of small area laboratory scale devices produced using fabrication techniques such as spin coating and physical vapor deposition which are incompatible with low-cost and large area fabrication of perovskite solar cells using printing and coating techniques. To solution these problems, we have investigated the feasibility of achieving fully printable perovskite solar cells by the blade-coating technique. The blade-coating fabrication has been widely used to fabricate organic solar cells (OSCs) and is proven to be a simple, environment-friendly, and low-cost method for the solution-processed photovoltaic. Moreover, the film morphology control in the blade-coating method is much easier than the spray coating and roll-to-roll printing; high-quality photoactive layers with controllable thickness can be performed by using a precisely polished blade with low surface roughness and coating gap control between blade and coating substrate[1]. In order to fabricate perovskite devices with good efficiency, one of the main factors in printed electronic processing is the fabrication of thin films with controlled morphology, high surface coverage and minimum pinholes for high performance, printed thin film perovskite solar cells. Charge dissociation efficiency, charge transport and diffusion length of charge species are dependent on the crystallinity of the film [2]. We fabricated the printed perovskite solar cells with large area and flexible by the bar-coating. The morphology of printed film could be closely related with the condition of the bar-coating technique such as coating speed, concentration and amount of solution, drying condition, and suitable film thickness was also studied by using the optical analysis with SEM. Electrical performance of printed devices is gives hysteresis and efficiency distribution.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

In the 1970s, increasing penetration of the housing co-housing policy, reconstruction be a great success to improve 1990‘s Old aged apartment's performance. However, in case of reconstruction, it causes the problem such as city environment destruction, resource waste, real-estate speculation etc. With the trend of sustainable construction and resource recycling, remodeling gets more attention than before. In case of country's remodeling, conventional method causes some problems such as delayed construction period and increased cost. Therefore, efforts that obtain economical efficiency are required to power remodeling through use of prefabrication method like PC technology that is useful for reduction effect of construction period, cost and site labor and excellent quality. This research indicates reduceing factor for facilitating prefabrication method and technology selecting framework through specific of Expanding Floor method and remodeling cases to increase the efficiency of remodeling, considers construction parties approaching plan for prefabrication as occasion that powers remodeling.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.66-73
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• 2007

The Jewelry-relation industry is being placed in the crises which are serious with depression of domestic market, design development and a major force absence also high labor cost charge. The consumers have the value of the price preparation maximum and product differentiation which they want. The Jewelry CAD and RP equipment shorten cost of production enterprise which depended hand-metal work provided for the various design and a rapid new product. But until now, it was necessary to the original work of best condition casting vacuum cycle as difficult with direct casting of synthetic resin from RP equipment. I intend to imply significance about through the CAD and RP equipment application result with it analyses, after jewelry CAD and RP work applicable to direct casting will be possible and able to through the casting vacuum cycle produce the product which is suitable in the original production. Through the this paper jewelry secures a quality improvement of the product and discrimination characteristic being various competitive power of design and provide a new base in product production.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2020

Development of efficient methods for clean energy production became a critical issue to improve the quality of human lives. Solar cells is considered as one of the alternative solutions to resolve the issue. Although Si-based solar cells are only popularly utilized for practical applications, high manufacturing cost is considered as a serious drawback for further versatile applications. Thus, different types of are being investigated aiming to replace the Si-based solar cells. Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSC) are considered as a potential replacement for Si-based solar cells due to their low production cost, high power conversion efficiency, light weight and possibility of flexible device fabrication. Thus, we have reviewed the challenges of PSC faced with practical application, particularly on stability.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.157-165
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• 2019

Geron-technology contributing to successful "Aging in place" increases the quality of life for the elderly and decreases the social caring cost. This study aims to identify influencing factors on pre-implementation acceptance of geron-technology for the elderly residing in a community. Data for 129 participants were analyzed. Results indicated that location, physical function, lack of technical support by family members, and the high financial cost as a 28% power were identified as the influencing factors on pre-implementation acceptance of geron-technology. Therefore, in the development of health and welfare strategy, these influencing factors should be considered in order to archive 'aging in place' for the elderly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.443-446
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• 2003

This paper implement Remote Meter Reading System which is used Bluetooth and SMS in CDMA. This System propose system which tan detect a total amount of gas, electricity or water without a meterman, at home BlueTooth is a close range wireless communication technology which uses a wireless frequency 2.4GHz and has a high trust and self error correction technology according to a low power consumption quality and a high-speed frequency hopping. This makes get a high trust concerning a data transmission than an existing modem. In addition, though wireless modem is restricted by a minimal of a wireless terminal, it will be possible to coincide with the function of the portable with the low power consumption quality by using Bluetooth. And as the system on a chip of module progresses, the possibility of the small size is present. Nowadays, SMS Protocol in CDMA for have a network function based on PPP in CDMA Phone. The proposed Remote Meter Reading System to get more nobility, efficiency, and have good function. SMS Protocol in CDMA have profits which is low power, low cost, and low microwave output.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.121-127
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• 2022

β-Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃), an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor, has attracted great attention due to its promising applications for high voltage power devices. The most stable phase among five different polytypes, β-Ga₂O₃ has the wider bandgap of 4.9 eV and higher breakdown electric field of 8 MV/cm. Furthermore, it can be grown from melt source, implying higher growth rate and lower fabrication cost than other wide bandgap semiconductors such as SiC, GaN and diamond for the power device applications. In this study, β-Ga₂O₃ bulk crystals were grown by the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) process. The growth direction and the principal surface were set to be the [010] direction and the (100) plane of the β-Ga₂O₃ crystal, respectively. The spectra measured by Raman an alysis could exhibit the crystal phase an d impurity dopin g in the β-Ga₂O₃ ingot, and the crystallinity quality and crystal direction were analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The crystal quality and various properties of as-grown β-Ga₂O₃ ribbon was systematically analyzed in order to investigate the spatial variation in entire crystal grown by EFG method.

• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.5-27
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to look at USN's efforts to rebuild its combat power in the face of a reemergence of great powers competition, and to propose some recommendations for the ROKN. In addition to the plan to augment its fleet towards a 355-ships capacity, the USN is pursuing to improve exponentially combat lethality(quality) of its existing fleet by means of innovative science and technology. In other words, the USN is putting its utmost efforts to improve readiness of current forces, to modernize maintenance facilities such as naval shipyards, and simultaneously to invest in innovative weapons system R&D for the future. After all, the USN seems to pursue innovations in advanced military Science & Technology as the best way to ensure continued supremacy in the coming strategic competition between great powers. However, it is to be seen whether the USN can smoothly continue these efforts to rebuild combat strength vis-a-vis its new competition peers, namely China and Russian navy, due to the stringent fiscal constraints, originating, among others, from the 2011 Budget Control Act effective yet. Then, it seems to be China's unilateral and assertive behaviors to expand its maritime jurisdiction in the South China Sea that drives the USN's rebuild-up efforts of the future. Now, some changes began to be perceived in the basic framework of the hitherto regional maritime security, in the name of declining sea control of the USN as well as withering maritime order based on international law and norms. However, the ROK-US alliance system is the most excellent security mechanism upon which the ROK, as a trading power, depends for its survival and prosperity. In addition, as denuclearization of North Korea seems to take significant time and efforts to accomplish in the years to come, nuclear umbrella and extended deterrence by the US is still noting but indispensible for the security of the ROK. In this connection, the naval cooperation between ROKN and USN should be seen and strengthened as the most important deterrents to North Korean nuclear and missile threats, as well as to potential maritime provocation by neighboring countries. Based on these observations, this paper argues that the ROK Navy should try to expand its own deterrent capability by pursuing selective technological innovation in order to prevent this country's destiny from being dictated by other powers. In doing so, however, it may be too risky for the ROK to pursue the emerging, disruptive innovative technologies such as rail gun, hypersonic weapon... etc., due to enormous budget, time, and very thin chance of success. This paper recommends, therefore, to carefully select and extensively invest on the most cost-effective technological innovations, suitable in the operational environments of the ROK. In particular, this paper stresses the following six areas as most potential naval innovations for the ROK Navy: long range precision strike; air and missile defense at sea; ASW with various unmanned maritime system (UMS) such as USV, UUV based on advanced hydraulic acoustic sensor (Sonar) technology; network; digitalization for the use of AI and big data; and nuclear-powered attack submarines as a strategic deterrent.