• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-68
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• 1990

The concentration of economic power takes the form of one or a few firms controlling a substantial portion of the economic resources and means in a certain economic area. At the same time, to the extent that these firms are owned by a few individuals, resource allocation can be manipulated by them rather than by the impersonal market mechanism. This will impair allocative efficiency, run counter to a decentralized market system and hamper the equitable distribution of wealth. Viewed from the historical evolution of Western capitalism in general, the concentration of economic power is a paradox in that it is a product of the free market system itself. The economic principle of natural discrimination works so that a few big firms preempt scarce resources and market opportunities. Prominent historical examples include trusts in America, Konzern in Germany and Zaibatsu in Japan in the early twentieth century. In other words, the concentration of economic power is the outcome as well as the antithesis of free competition. As long as judgment of the economic system at large depends upon the value systems of individuals, therefore, the issue of how to evaluate the concentration of economic power will inevitably be tinged with ideology. We have witnessed several different approaches to this problem such as communism, fascism and revised capitalism, and the last one seems to be the only surviving alternative. The concentration of economic power in Korea can be summarily represented by the "jaebol," namely, the conglomerate business group, the majority of whose member firms are monopolistic or oligopolistic in their respective markets and are owned by particular individuals. The jaebol has many dimensions in its size, but to sketch its magnitude, the share of the jaebol in the manufacturing sector reached 37.3% in shipment and 17.6% in employment as of 1989. The concentration of economic power can be ascribed to a number of causes. In the early stages of economic development, when the market system is immature, entrepreneurship must fill the gap inherent in the market in addition to performing its customary managerial function. Entrepreneurship of this sort is a scarce resource and becomes even more valuable as the target rate of economic growth gets higher. Entrepreneurship can neither be readily obtained in the market nor exhausted despite repeated use. Because of these peculiarities, economic power is bound to be concentrated in the hands of a few entrepreneurs and their business groups. It goes without saying, however, that the issue of whether the full exercise of money-making entrepreneurship is compatible with social mores is a different matter entirely. The rapidity of the concentration of economic power can also be traced to the diversification of business groups. The transplantation of advanced technology oriented toward mass production tends to saturate the small domestic market quite early and allows a firm to expand into new markets by making use of excess capacity and of monopoly profits. One of the reasons why the jaebol issue has become so acute in Korea lies in the nature of the government-business relationship. The Korean government has set economic development as its foremost national goal and, since then, has intervened profoundly in the private sector. Since most strategic industries promoted by the government required a huge capacity in technology, capital and manpower, big firms were favored over smaller firms, and the benefits of industrial policy naturally accrued to large business groups. The concentration of economic power which occured along the way was, therefore, not necessarily a product of the market system. At the same time, the concentration of ownership in business groups has been left largely intact as they have customarily met capital requirements by means of debt. The real advantage enjoyed by large business groups lies in synergy due to multiplant and multiproduct production. Even these effects, however, cannot always be considered socially optimal, as they offer disadvantages to other independent firms-for example, by foreclosing their markets. Moreover their fictitious or artificial advantages only aggravate the popular perception that most business groups have accumulated their wealth at the expense of the general public and under the behest of the government. Since Korea stands now at the threshold of establishing a full-fledged market economy along with political democracy, the phenomenon called the concentration of economic power must be correctly understood and the roles of business groups must be accordingly redefined. In doing so, we would do better to take a closer look at Japan which has experienced a demise of family-controlled Zaibatsu and a success with business groups(Kigyoshudan) whose ownership is dispersed among many firms and ultimately among the general public. The Japanese case cannot be an ideal model, but at least it gives us a good point of departure in that the issue of ownership is at the heart of the matter. In setting the basic direction of public policy aimed at controlling the concentration of economic power, one must harmonize efficiency and equity. Firm size in itself is not a problem, if it is dictated by efficiency considerations and if the firm behaves competitively in the market. As long as entrepreneurship is required for continuous economic growth and there is a discrepancy in entrepreneurial capacity among individuals, a concentration of economic power is bound to take place to some degree. Hence, the most effective way of reducing the inefficiency of business groups may be to impose competitive pressure on their activities. Concurrently, unless the concentration of ownership in business groups is scaled down, the seed of social discontent will still remain. Nevertheless, the dispersion of ownership requires a number of preconditions and, consequently, we must make consistent, long-term efforts on many fronts. We can suggest a long list of policy measures specifically designed to control the concentration of economic power. Whatever the policy may be, however, its intended effects will not be fully realized unless business groups abide by the moral code expected of socially responsible entrepreneurs. This is especially true, since the root of the problem of the excessive concentration of economic power lies outside the issue of efficiency, in problems concerning distribution, equity, and social justice.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1999

In this paper, as a preliminary study for developing a full 3D electron dose calculation algorithm, We developed 2.5D electron dose calculation algorithm by extending 2D pencil-beam model to consider three dimensional geometry such as air-gap and obliquity appropriately. The dose calculation algorithm was implemented using the IDL5.2(Research Systems Inc., USA), For calculation of the Hogstrom's pencil-beam algorithm, the measured data of the central-axis depth-dose for 12 MeV(Siemens M6740) and the linear stopping power and the linear scattering power of water and air from ICRU report 35 was used. To evaluate the accuracy of the implemented program, we compared the calculated dose distribution with the film measurements in the three situations; the normal incident beam, the 45$^{\circ}$ oblique incident beam, and the beam incident on the pit-shaped phantom. As results, about 120 seconds had been required on the PC (Pentium III 450MHz) to calculate dose distribution of a single beam. It needs some optimizing methods to speed up the dose calculation. For the accuracy of dose calculation, in the case of the normal incident beam of the regular and irregular shaped field, at the rapid dose gradient region of penumbra, the errors were within $\pm$3 mm and the dose profiles were agreed within 5%. However, the discrepancy between the calculation and the measurement were about 10% for the oblique incident beam and the beam incident on the pit-shaped phantom. In conclusions, we expended 2D pencil-beam algorithm to take into account the three dimensional geometry of the patient. And also, as well as the dose calculation of irregular field, the irregular shaped body contour and the air-gap could be considered appropriately in the implemented program. In the near future, the more accurate algorithm will be implemented considering inhomogeneity correction using CT, and at that time, the program can be used as a tool for educational and research purpose. This study was supported by a grant (＃HMP-98-G-1-016) of the HAN(Highly Advanced National) Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, R.O.K.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.239-249
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• 2019

Recently, the Korean government has implemented a policy to expand renewable energy sources. Large-scale PV systems are being actively interconnected with the distribution system. On the other hand, when a large-scale PV system is installed and operated, the customer voltages could violate the allowable voltage limit due to reverse power flow of the PV system. To overcome these problems, an enhancement method for hosting the capacity of the PV system in a distribution system is being actively conducted. Therefore, to improve the hosting capacity of the PV system, this paper proposes a model of a reconfiguration of the distribution system, which is composed of three sections and three connections based on PSCAD/EMTDC S/W, and proposes an evaluation algorithm for the feeder reconfiguration to maximize an adaption of the PV system. In addition, this paper presents the optimal method of the feeder reconfiguration section to evaluate the maximum capacity of the PV system to keep customer voltages within the allowable voltage limits based on various operation scenarios, such as the capacity of a PV system and section of feeder reconfiguration. From the simulation results based on the PSCAD/EMTDC modeling and evaluation algorithm, it was confirmed that they are a useful and practical tool to enhance hosting the capacity of a PV system in a distribution system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 2018

If a photovoltaic (PV) system is installed in a primary feeder interconnected with the PV system, bi-directional power flow can occur, and then, the magnitude and direction of the fault current can change, depending on the fault location and point of common coupling (PCC) of the PV system, and the time current curve (TCC) cannot be properly coordinated between protection devices. Also, it is difficult to obtain a proper time interval for protection devices because the conventional setting approach is applied, even though the PV system is installed and operating. Therefore, this paper presents three operation modes considering the operational conditions of the PV system to obtain setting values for protection devices. Based on the mode, this paper proposes an algorithm to calculate the optimal protection coordination time interval according to the introduction capacity of the PV system. In addition, this paper performs modelling of a distribution system with the PV system and protection devices by using Off-DAS S/W, and analyzes the characteristics of the time interval between the protection devices, such as substation relays, reclosers, customer relays, and PV customer relays. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed operational modes and setting-value algorithms are useful and effective for protection coordination in a distribution system for a PV system.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.184-193
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• 2010

This paper proposes a biological iridescence BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) compression and rendering method. In the graphics technology, iridescence sometimes is named structure colors. The main features of these symptoms are shown transform of color and brightness by varying viewpoint. Graphics technology to render this is the BRDF technology. The BRDF methods enable realistic representation of varying view direction, but it requires a lot of computing power because of large data. In this paper, we obtain reflection map from iridescence BRDF, analyze color of reflection map and propose representation method by several colorfully concentric circle. The one concentric circle represents beam width of reflection ray by one normal vector. In this paper, we synthesize rough concentric by using several virtually optical normal vectors. And we obtain spectrum information from concentric circles passing through the center point. The proposed method enables IBR(image based rendering) technique which results is realistic illuminance and spectrum distribution by one texture from reduced BRDF data within spectrum.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.107-115
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• 2014

Visibility of the road influence the safe driving because it recognizes the obstacle on the road. In this paper, we propose a mobile data acquisition and processing system for evaluating road visibility at night. And it was converted efficiently with mobile images and archived for spatial analysis of road-visibilities at night. This was applied to the following techniques to the system. Low-power computing units, open an image processing library, GPU-based acceleration techniques and document database techniques, etc. And converting the RGB image to the YUV color system, which was integrated the brightness component and the spatial information. High performance Android devices were used to collect brightness data on roads and it was confirmed whether this prototype was to determine the spatial distribution of such acquisition and management systems for spatial-assessments of road visibility at night.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.451-460
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• 2008

Gregorian offset dual-shaped reflector antennas have been widely used in the satellite communication systems for their high gain and low sidelobe characteristics. However, in this paper, it is designed as the CATR(Compact Antenna Test Range) reflector system, and its near-field characteristics are investigated. The CATR facility needs to provide an uniform plane wave with the minimum amplitude and phase ripple and the low cross polarization to the test region. Therefore, the reflector near-field patterns are calculated and presented with the variations of the aperture power distribution, the feed horn pattern, and the distance from the aperture to the test zone. Also, the offset dual-shaped reflector is fabricated at 30 GHz, and its near-field patterns are measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the calculated results. From theses results, we confirm that the designed offset dual-shaped reflector can be used as the reflector system for the compact antenna test range.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.194-202
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• 2003

In this paper, we introduce a category of Multi-FNN (Fuzzy-Neural Networks) models, analyze the underlying architectures and propose a comprehensive identification framework. The proposed Multi-FNNs dwell on a concept of fuzzy rule-based FNNs based on HCM clustering and evolutionary fuzzy granulation, and exploit linear inference being treated as a generic inference mechanism. By this nature, this FNN model is geared toward capturing relationships between information granules known as fuzzy sets. The form of the information granules themselves (in particular their distribution and a type of membership function) becomes an important design feature of the FNN model contributing to its structural as well as parametric optimization. The identification environment uses clustering techniques (Hard C - Means, HCM) and exploits genetic optimization as a vehicle of global optimization. The global optimization is augmented by more refined gradient-based learning mechanisms such as standard back-propagation. The HCM algorithm, whose role is to carry out preprocessing of the process data for system modeling, is utilized to determine the structure of Multi-FNNs. The detailed parameters of the Multi-FNN (such as apexes of membership functions, learning rates and momentum coefficients) are adjusted using genetic algorithms. An aggregate performance index with a weighting factor is proposed in order to achieve a sound balance between approximation and generalization (predictive) abilities of the model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, two numeric data sets are experimented with. One is the numerical data coming from a description of a certain nonlinear function and the other is NOx emission process data from a gas turbine power plant.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1991

This study was carried out for 5 years between 1984 and 1986 and 1989 and 1990. This interviewers visited 292 households to evaluate the perception of the residents using .the. Simple Piped Water Supply (SPWS), and examined the pollution source surrounding 42 SPWS facilities and water quality by the chemical and microbiological method. The purpose of this study was to find out problems linked with SPWS and to investigate more efficient way of improvement in rural water supply. The results of the study are surmnarized as follows: 1) Approximately 55% of the sampled population have been served by simple piped water supply. 2) The drinking water was mostly taken from the springs in 16 sites and valley water in 26 sites. 3) Considering the type of distribution of the SPWS, there are 28 natural gravity systems and 14 pumping systems. 4) Out of the 180 SPWS in Chun Sung Area, 74% of the SPWS facilities were used more than ten years. In addition, 40% of residents expressed the need for repairs of old facilities. 5) 48% of the SPWS facilities are neighbored with pollution source. 6) 50% of the maintenance crews were not committed totheir job but instead, the facilities were operated by some residents or community leaders who were personally concerned about quality of the facilities. 7) About 85% of the residents answered that SPWS was convenient and helpful. 8) About 57% of the residents complaind that the amount of daily water supply is not adequate. 9) About 74% of the residents felt that the water quality is high for dringking water and therefore, 52% of the facilities were not properly chlorinated. But in contrast, the biochemical tests indicated that only 28% of the SPWS met the dringking water quality standards. 10) Maintenance cost per a household ranges form 500 to 2, 000Won (1 $ = 700 Won) a month. Most of the cost was to cover the power electric charge. For the effective maintenance and arrangement of the facilities, gorvermental financial support for the maintenance is strongly recommended.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.25-52
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• 2007

This paper is focused on the economical efficiency of the geothermal heat pump system in school. As the importance of problems of environment and energy becomes larger, the development and distribution of energy-saving technology in the whole nation has become influential. This paper is intended, targeting on school buildings scattered all over the country, to evaluate the introduction and possibility of a terrestrial heat system which is in the first stage of introduction in the country, through energy consumption and efficiency in case where a terrestrial heat system is introduced. To do that, the author performed a qualitative analysis of the heat pump system using various terrestrial heat energy and the system introduced to existing school buildings and, through the analysis, made tentative evaluation on the most environment-friendly and energy saving type system. Also, the author performed simulation analysis using a currently typical school building standard and, on the basis of this result, conducted efficiency analysis of various heat pump systems. The conclusion according to synthetical analysis & evaluation can be summarized as follows. In case a heat pump system is introduced to a school building, it was deemed the investment in the early stage would increase, but the investment could be collected within 5~6 years through reduction of large operation expenses. Also, it was analyzed in case of terrestrial heat contracted heat mode using midnight electric power among heat pump systems, not only early investment but also operation expenses could be reduced to a great extent. Accordingly in case the system using terrestrial heat energy is applied to the school buildings that are to be newly built or repaired in the future, it will provide an object-lesson to students as well as contributing to energy saving.