• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.4 no.1 s.11
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

A previous study evaluated the seismic response of typical multi-span simply supported (MSSS) and multi-span continuous (MSC) steel-girder bridges in the central and southeastern United States. The results showed that the bridges were vulnerable to damage resulting from impact between decks, and large ductility demands on nonductile columns. Furthermore, fixed and expansion bearings were likely to fail during strong ground motion. In this paper, several retrofit measures to improve the seismic performance of typical multi-span simply supported and multi-span continuous steel girder bridges are evaluated, including the use of elastomeric bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and restrainer cables. It is determined that iead-rubber bearings are the most effective retrofit measure for reducing the seismic vulnerability of typical bridges. While isolation provided by elastomeric bearings limits the forces into the columns, the added flexibility results in pounding between decks in the MSSS steel-girder bridge. Restrainer cables, which are becoming a common retrofit measure, are only moderately effective in reducing the seismic vulnerability of MSSS and MSC steel girder bridges.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.140-146
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• 2000

Even though coix (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen) has many physiological effects, since it has been known to cause sterility, farmers avoid using coix bran as a forage for their livestock. Therefore, as the consumption of coix increases, coix bran, which is a by product of pounding process, becomes a serious issue of environmental problem. Present study examined the physiological effects of coix bran in normal and diabetic rats for its possible use as a functional material. The effects of coix bran supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipid profile were evaluated in rats fed one of the following diet for 12 weeks : chow diet ; chow-bran diet (chow diet＋25% coix bran), high fat diet and high fat-bran diet (high fat diet＋25% coix bran). Additionally, glucose challenge and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats were also examined. In normal rats, consumption of coix bran remarkably reduced body weight gain in chow or high fat diet fed rats. Additionally, consumption of coix branreduced blood TG, TC and atherogenic index (26%, 24% and 72%, respectively) in chow diet fed rats. Liver TG and cholesterol concentrations were reduced (43% and 49%, respectively) in high fat fed rats by coix bran supplementation. In diabetic rats, fasting blood glucose level was reduced about 25% by coix bran consumption. Also, glucose challenge pattern was improved and resembled normal pattern : it reaches to peak 15~30 minutes after glucose administration and get back to fasting blood glucose level after 90 minutes. Plasma concentrations of TG were elevated in diabetic rats and were reduced to normal level by coix bran supplementation. Liver TG and cholesterol concentrations were also elevated in diabetic rats and reduced to normal level by consumption of coix bran. These results suggest that coix bran may have beneficial effects on blood lipid and glucose level in normal and diabetic rats.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.615-626
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• 2018

The seismic vulnerability of Turkey is relatively high due to its active fault systems with potential to create destructive earthquakes. Thus, reducing the loss of life and property, the number of the earthquake-prone buildings and their retrofit requirements are considerably significant key issues under the scenario earthquakes. The street survey based rapid assessment (SSRA) method can be considered as a powerful tool to determine the seismic vulnerability of building stock of an earthquake-prone city/state. In this study, the seismic vulnerability of the building stock of the Kirikkale province in Turkey is aimed to be estimated adopting the street survey based rapid assessment method (SSRA). For this purpose, central 2074 existing reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings were structurally surveyed with rapid visual site screening and disadvantages such as, the existence of short-column, soft-story, heavy overhangs, pounding effect and local soil conditions were determined for obtaining the structural performance score of each. The results obtained from the study demonstrate that 11-25% of the surveyed buildings in the study region needs to be investigated through more advanced assessment methods. Besides, higher correlation between increasing story number and unsafe/safe building ratio is obtained for the buildings with soft-story parameter than that for those with heavy overhangs and short-column parameters. The conformity of the results of the current study with the previous documented cases of rapid assessment efforts in the recent earthquakes in Turkey shows that the SSRA method for the Kirikkale province performed well, and thus this methodology can be reliably used for similar settlement areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 2008

It is very hard to find out Tongbanga-millhouse installed nearby a streamlet to use water with Tongbanga(a kind of water-mill) to polish cereals by pounding like a visage of its old days. It plays an important part in folkloric, architectural and educational aspects. The purpose of this study is to analyse the architectural features of Tongbanga and millhouse itself so that to find the way how to build and fabricate the materials and frame members. Therefore this study has been focused on the composition principle and fabrication method of Tongbanga-millhouse on the side of architecture. The fabrication methods of its house in accordance with regular sequences are as follows. ${\cdot}$ Firstly the decision of location of Tongbanga-millhouse and Hwak(a big mortar made of stone). ${\cdot}$ Slantly three rafter installation at an angle of $50^{\circ}$ to err on the safe side and then slantly fifteen rafter installation making a circular cone shape. ${\cdot}$ Installation of twigs to be circles from bottom to top. ${\cdot}$ Manifoldly covering of trunks peeling the barks from flax plants. ${\cdot}$ Threefoldly thatching with upside barks of oak trees. ${\cdot}$ Placing woods alike rafter on the bark thatches as a weight not to fly away by wind. ${\cdot}$ Binding woods alike rafter with vines of arrowroots to maintain the proper place. The decayed Tongbanga-millhouse by means of upper ways was restored out of all recognition.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.151-164
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• 2017

This article aims to investigate the possible retrofitting of a deficient building with soft story failure mode by connecting it to an adjacent building which is designed based on current code with friction dampers at all floors. Low cost and high performance reliability along with significant energy dissipation pertaining to stable hysteretic loops may be considered in order to choose the proper damper for connecting adjacent buildings. After connecting two neighbouring floors by friction dampers, the sliding forces of dampers at various stories are set in two arrangements: uniform sliding force and then variable sliding force. In order to account for the stochastic nature of the seismic events, incremental dynamic analyses are employed prior and after the installation of the friction dampers at the various floors. Based on these results, fragility curves and mean annual rate of exceedance of serviceability and ultimate limit states are obtained. The results of this study show that the collapse mode of the deficient building can affect the optimum arrangement of sliding forces of friction dampers at Collapse Prevention (CP) performance level. In particular, the Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level is not tangible to the sliding force arrangement and it depends solely on sliding force value. Generally it can be claimed that this rehabilitation scheme can turn the challenge of pounding two adjacent buildings into the opportunity of dissipating a large amount of the seismic input energy by the friction dampers, thus improving significantly the poor seismic performance of the deficient structure.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.127-139
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• 2019

Residual drifts after an earthquake can incur huge repair costs and might need to replace the infrastructure because of its non-reparability. Proper functioning of bridges is also essential in the aftermath of an earthquake. In order to mitigate pounding and unseating damage of bridges subjected to earthquakes, a self-adaptive Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (SMA)-cable-based frictional sliding bearing (SMAFSB) is proposed considering self-adaptive centering, high energy dissipation, better fatigue, and corrosion resistance from SMA-cable component. The developed novel bearing is associated with the properties of modularity, replaceability, and earthquake isolation capacity, which could reduce the repair time and increase the resilience of highway bridges. To evaluate the super-elasticity of the SMA-cable, pseudo-static tests and numerical simulation on the SMA-cable specimens with a diameter of 7 mm are conducted and one dimensional (1D) constitutive hysteretic model of the SMAFSB is developed considering the effects of gap, self-centering, and high energy dissipation. Two types of the SMAFSB (i.e., movable and fixed SMAFSBs) are applied to a two-span continuous reinforced concrete (RC) bridge. The seismic vulnerabilities of the RC bridge, utilizing movable SMAFSB with the constant gap size of 60 mm and the fixed SMAFSBs with different gap sizes (e.g., 0, 30, and 60 mm), are assessed at component and system levels, respectively. It can be observed that the fixed SMAFSB with a gap of 30 mm gained the most retrofitting effect among the three cases.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-106
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• 2019

Adopting sloped rolling-type isolation devices underneath a raised floor system has been proved as one of the most effective approaches to mitigate seismic responses of the protected equipment installed above. However, pounding against surrounding walls or other obstructions may occur if such a base-isolated raised floor system is subjected to long-period excitation, leading to adverse effects or even more severe damage. In this study, real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is adopted to assess the control performance of a smart base-isolated raised floor system as it is an efficient and cost-effective experimental method. It is composed of multiple sloped rolling-type isolation devices, a rigid steel platen, four magnetorheological (MR) dampers, and protected high-tech equipment. One of the MR dampers is physically tested in the laboratory while the remainders are numerically simulated. In order to consider the effect of input excitation characteristics on the isolation performance, the smart base-isolated raised floor system is assumed to be located at the roof of a building and the ground level. Four control algorithms are designed for the MR dampers including passive-on, switching, modified switching, and fuzzy logic control. Six artificial spectrum-compatible input excitations and three slope angles of the isolation devices are considered in the RTHS. Experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of semi-active control into a base-isolated raised floor system is effective and feasible in practice for high-tech industry.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2021

By means of installing sloped rolling-type seismic isolators (SRI), the horizontal acceleration transmitted to the to-be-protected object above can be effectively and significantly reduced under external disturbance. To prevent the maximum horizontal displacement response of SRI from reaching a threshold, designing large and conservative damping force for SRI might be required, which will also enlarge the transmitted acceleration response. In a word, when adopting seismic isolation, minimizing acceleration or displacement responses is always a trade-off. Therefore, this paper proposes that by exploiting the possible information provided by an earthquake early warning system, the damping force applied to SRI which can better control both acceleration and displacement responses might be determined in advance and accordingly adjusted in a semi-active control manner. By using a large number of ground motion records with peak ground acceleration not less than 80 gal, the numerical results present that the maximum horizontal displacement response of SRI is highly correlated with and proportional to some important parameters of input excitations, the velocity pulse energy rate and peak velocity in particular. A control law employing the basic form of hyperbolic tangent function and two objective functions are considered in this study for conceptually developing suitable control algorithms. Compared with the numerical results of simply designing a constant, large damping factor to prevent SRI from pounding, adopting the recommended control algorithms can have more than 60% reduction of acceleration responses in average under the excitations. More importantly, it is effective in reducing acceleration responses under approximately 98% of the excitations.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.23-41
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• 2023

Objectives This study is aimed to develop criteria for assessing the health level of cancer survivors through patient reported outcome based on sasang constitutional symtomology. Methods As a result of the researchers' meetings and the first round of expert group consultation, the constitutional health level assessment items that would be common to all Sasang constitutions were extracted, and constitutional health level assessment items for cancer survivors were selected. A second round of expert group consultation was conducted to determine the importance and weighting of these items for each constitution. Results & Conclusions For soeumin, the importance ranking and calculated weight were as follows: 'I had sweats even when I was not hot or exercising.(1st, 4.09)', 'I had night sweats while sleeping(2nd, 3.94)', 'I lost weight.(3rd, 3. 75)', etc. For soyangin, as follows: 'I had night sweats while sleeping.(1st, 3.08)', 'I had vomiting.(2nd, 3.02)', 'I felt hot flashes in the afternoon or at night. (3rd, 2.73)', etc. For taeumin, as follows: 'I was out of breath.(1st, 3.48)', 'My heart was pounding for no reason.(2nd, 3.45)', 'My body was swollen.(3rd, 3.22)', etc. For taeyangins, as follows: 'I couldn't urinate well.(1st, 4.49)', 'I vomited(2nd, 4.44).', 'My upper abdomen were hard.(3rd, 3. 14)', etc. Based on the results, we developed a draft of a questionnaire to assess the Sasang constitutional health level of cancer survivors, weighted for each item.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.401-416
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• 2024

Long-span structures, such as bridges, can experience different seismic excitations at the supports due to spatially variability of ground motion. Regarding current bridge designing codes, it is just EC 2008 that suggested some regulations to consider it and in the other codes almost ignored while based on some previous studies it is found that the effect of mentioned issue could not be neglected. The current study aimed to perform a comprehensive study about the effect of spatially varying ground motions on the dynamic response of a reinforced concrete bridge under asynchronous input motions considering soil-structure interactions. The correlated ground motions were generated by an introduced method that contains all spatially varying components, and imposed on the supports of the finite element model under different load scenarios. Then the obtained results from uniform and non-uniform excitations were compared to each other. In addition, the effect of soil-structure interactions involved and the corresponding results compared to the previous results. Also, to better understand the seismic response of the bridge, the responses caused by pseudo-static components decompose from the total response. Finally, an incremental dynamic analysis was performed to survey the non-linear behavior of the bridge under assumed load scenarios. The outcomes revealed that the local site condition plays an important role and strongly amplifies the responses. Furthermore, it was found that a combination of wave-passage and strong incoherency severely affected the responses of the structure. Moreover, it has been found that the pseudo-static component's contribution increase with increasing incoherent parameters. In addition, regarding the soil condition was considered for the studied bridge, it was found that a combination of spatially varying ground motions and soil-structure interactions effects could make a very destructive scenarios like, pounding and unseating.