• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1999

According to the importance(production ratio) of special brand eggs, poultry farma can be classified into four types(Types I to IV). A close relation can be observed between these types and farm scale. Special brand eggs used to be the speciality of small-scale, suburban poultry farms. Recently, however, the production of these eggs has been adopted by medium and large farms, too, and is increasing throughout Japan. In particular, small-scale farms specializing in these eggs have attained a high profit and take a characteristic management from as opposed to large-scale poultry farming that adopts the \"small profit and quick returns\" strategy. Because of this, the meaning of special brand egg production to farm management differs according to farm scale. For small poultry farmers, it means securing a high profitability and for medium and large producers, improving the corporate image or meeting the needs for assortment of retailers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 1992

Animal welfare is often neglected by livestock productionists when considering the utilization of animal wastes for livestock feeds. The present review has been carried out to examine the nutritive value of poultry wastes for ruminants, the health risks involved with feeding it, the treatment and feeding methods and the production responses of animals fed on it. It was found that mineral, crude protein, crude fibre and metabolisable energy concentrations are influenced by the system of poultry production, the storage of the waste and the treatment method. Heating at $60^{\circ}C$ kills all pathogens apart from Clostidium botulinum whereas proper ensiling kills all. Apart from the kidney fat and the liver, animal tissues have not shown residues of drugs or heavy metals from poultry wastes. Palatability is affected when the moisture is more than 200 g/kg. Production responses are satisfactory when poultry wastes replace portions of concentrates. It was concluded that poultry litter generally has higher metabolisable energy contents than poultry manure, but research is needed to classify poultry litters on their energy values. The adverse effects of toxic minerals and drug residues are negligible in balanced poultry waste feeding systems.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 1993

Prospects are briefly reviewed for further advances in current poultry industry technology in the foreseeable future. It is concluded that in the most advanced industries progress should continue at a similar rate to the recent past in conventional genetics and breeding, nutrition and disease control. Significant benefits will also follow in the short-term from the application of molecular biotechnology to disease diagnosis and vaccine production. Technical advances now make it possible to produce transgenic chickens at acceptable success rates but applications of this technology to poultry breeding will not become significant till we have sufficient knowledge of the poultry genome, and especially the genes involved in production performance. For the undeveloped and less advanced industries it is argued that the level of advanced technologies to be implemented in those countries should be decided largely on market forces, informed by objective assessment of the diverse options available. The need for urgent international action on conservation of poultry genetic resources is also stressed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2014

The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1111-1127
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• 2023

Health-promoting preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components are postbiotics. Since probiotics are sensitive to heat and oxygen, postbiotics are stable during industrial processing and storage. Postbiotics boost poultry growth, feed efficiency, intestinal pathogen reduction, and health, making them acceptable drivers of sustainable poultry production. It contains many important biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses. Postbiotics revealed promising antioxidant effects due to higher concentrations of uronic acid and due to some enzyme's production of antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases and peroxidases. Postbiotics improve intestinal villi, increase lactic acid production, and reduce Enterobacteriaceae and fecal pH, all of which lead to a better immune reaction and health of the gut, as well as better growth performance. P13K/AKT as a potential target pathway for postbiotics-improved intestinal barrier functions. Similarly, postbiotics reduce yolk and plasma cholesterol levels in layers and improve egg quality. It was revealed that favorable outcomes were obtained with various inclusion levels at 1 kg and 0.5 kg. According to several studies, postbiotic compounds significantly increased poultry performance. This review article presents the most recent research investigating the beneficial results of postbiotics in poultry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1996

A chronological account of the prospect and problems of utilization of urea in poultry diets is presented. Urea has long been considered as toxic to poultry but recent research, although limited, has yielded controversial results. The main problem appears to be due to the fact that whether or not response to urea is dependent on environment (germ free versus conventional). Although caecum is found to be the major site of ammonia production from urea, the so called nutritional benefit derived by chicken fed urea is probably limited to its utilization for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids in the protein depleted chicken, but not in the protein adequate chicken. More research is needed to monitor production characteristics of birds fed urea and investigate its toxic effect, if any, in some greater detail before recommending this nonprotein nitrogenous substance for inclusion in the poultry diets.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.968-980
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• 2022

Due to the bad aspects associated with the use of antibiotics, the pressure on poultry production prompted the efforts to find out suitable growth-promoting and disease-preventing alternatives. Although many cost-effective alternatives have been developed, currently, one of the most auspicious alternatives for poultry feed is spore-forming probiotics, which can exert more beneficial effects as compared to normal probiotics, because of their ability to withstand the harsh external and internal conditions which result in increased viability. Many studies have already used spore-forming probiotics to improve different parameters of poultry production. Our laboratory has recently isolated a spore-forming bacterial strain, which has the potential to be used as a probiotic. So, to provide a detailed understanding, the current review aimed to collect valuable references to describe the mechanism of action of spore-forming probiotics and their effect on all the key aspects of poultry production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-132
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• 2005

With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Practice for free-range poultry farming which detail the minimum standards of husbandry and welfare for birds. However, the performance and liveability of free-range birds needs to be improved and more knowledge is required on bird husbandry, feed supply, disease control and heat wave management. This review examines the husbandry, welfare, nutrition and disease issues associated with free-range poultry systems and discusses the potential of incorporating free-range poultry into a crop-pasture rotation system.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.249-253
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• 2019

Various factors negatively affect poultry production, including a multitude of avian pathogens. Among them, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) cause world-wide economic losses in the poultry industry. Although respectively, MG and MS induce chronic respiratory disease and synovitis in poultry, these pathogens often manifest as clinically inapparent infections and many countries are therefore having difficulties effectively eradicating them. In this study, five broiler breeder farms in Korea were investigated for the presence of Mycoplasma infection from 2016 to 2018. Serum samples were collected for detection of antibodies to mycoplasma species using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Additionally, the production index and feed conversion rate of broilers were recorded. According to this investigation, broiler breeder farms in 2018 were serologically negative for Mycoplasma infection with broilers exhibiting a high production index and low feed conversion rate. Thus, eradicating mycoplasma in poultry farms is critical for improving chick quality and overall poultry production.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1065-1076
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary mulberry leaves on the growth, production performance, gut microbiota, and immunological parameters of poultry and livestock. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically analyzed to identify pertinent studies up to December 2022. The effects of mulberry leaf diet was assessed using the weighted mean difference, and the 95% confidence interval was calculated using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 18 studies that sampled 2,335 poultry and livestock were selected for analysis. Mulberry leaves improved the average daily gain and reduced the feed/meat ratio in finishing pigs, and the average daily gain and average daily feed intake in chicken. In production performance, mulberry leaves lowered the half carcass weight, slaughter rate, and loin eye area in pigs, and the slaughter rate in chickens. Regarding meat quality in pigs, mulberry leaves reduced the cooked meat percentage, shear force, crude protein, and crude ash, and increased the 24 h pH and water content. In chickens, it increased the drip loss, shear force, 45 min and 24 h pH, crude protein, and crude ash. Mulberry leaves also affect the abundances of gut microbiota, including Bacteroides, Prevotella, Megamonas, Escherichia-Shigella, Butyricicoccus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli in poultry and livestock. Mulberry leaves at different doses were associated with changes in antioxidant capacity in chickens, and immune organ indexes in pigs. With respect to egg quality, mulberry leaves at different doses improved the shell strength, yolk color, eggshell thickness, and eggshell weight. However, moderate doses diminished the egg yolk ratio and the egg yolk moisture content. Conclusion: In general, dietary mulberry leaves improved the growth, production performance, and immunological parameters in poultry and livestock, although the effects varied at different doses.