Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13702

Nutritional Factors Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Poultry: A Review  

Fouad, A.M. (Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University)
El-Senousey, H.K. (Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.27, no.7, 2014 , pp. 1057-1068 More about this Journal
Abstract
The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.
Keywords
Abdominal Fat Content; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Nutritional Factors; Poultry;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Santoso, U., K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtania. 1995. Effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks. Br. J. Nutr. 74:523-529.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Santoso, U., K. Tanaka, S. Ohtani, and B. S. Youn. 1993. Effects of early feed restriction on growth performance and body composition in broilers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 6:401-410.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. 9th Edn. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA.
4 Plavnik, I. and S. Hurwitz. 1985. The performance of broiler chicks during and following a severe feed restriction at an early age. Poult. Sci. 64:348-355.   DOI
5 Plavnik, I. and S. Hurwitz. 1991. Response of broiler chickens and turkey poults to food restriction of varied severity during early life. Br. Poult. Sci. 32:343-352.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Qureshi, A. A., Z. Z. Din, N. Abuirmeleh, W. C. Burger, Y. Ahmad, and C. E. Elson. 1983. Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver. Atherosclerosis 48:81-94.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Rabie, M. H. and M. Szilagyi. 1998. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation of diets differing in energy levels on performance, abdominal fat content, and yield and composition of edible meat of broilers. Br. J. Nutr. 80:391-400.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Rezaei, M. and H. Hajati. 2010. Effect of diet dilution at early age on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chicks. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 9:93-100.
9 Richards, M. P., S. M. Poch, C. N. Coon, R. W. Rosebrough, C. M. Ashwellm, and J. P. McMurtry. 2003. Feed restriction significantly alters lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder chickens. J. Nutr. 133:707-715.
10 Rosebrough, R. W., B. A. Russell, and M. P. Richards. 2011. Further studies on short-term adaptations in the expression of lipogenic genes in broilers. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 159:1-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kobayashi, S., Y. Terashima, and H. Itoh. 2002. Effect of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in digesta in broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:270-273.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Li, S., L. Lin, H. Shoufeng, W. Yanping , Z. Liyang, L. Songbai, L. Bin, L. Kui, and X. Luo. 2011. Dietary manganese modulates expression of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase gene in chickens. J. Nutr. 141:189-194.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Lu, L., C. Ji, X. G. Luo, B. Liu, and S. X. Yu. 2006. The effect of supplemental manganese in broiler diets on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 129:49-59.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Lu, L., X. G. Luo, C. Ji, B. Liu, and S. X. Yu. 2007. Effect of manganese supplementation and source on carcass traits, meat quality, and lipid oxidation in broilers. J. Anim. Sci. 85:812-822.
15 Moran, E. T. and S. F. Bilgili. 1990. Processing losses, carcass quality and meat yields of broiler chickens receiving diets marginally deficient to adequate in lysine prior to marketing. Poult. Sci. 69:702-710.   DOI
16 Nasr, J. and F. Kheiri. 2011. Effect of different lysine levels on Arian broiler performances. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 10:170-174.
17 Kalavathy, R., N. Abdullah, S. Jalaludin, and Y. W. Ho. 2003. Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44:139-144.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Newman, R. E., W. L. Bryden, E. Fleck, J. R. Ashes, W. A. Buttemer, L. H. Storlien, and J. A. Downing. 2002. Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter avian metabolism: metabolism and abdominal fat deposition. Br. J. Nutr. 88:11-18.   DOI
19 Niu, Z. Y., F. Z. Liu, Y. N. Min, and W. C. Li. 2010. Effects of dietary dihydropyridine supplementation on growth performance and lipid metabolism of broiler chickens. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 55:116-122.
20 Niu, Z. Y., Y. N. Min, H. Y. Wang, J. Zhang, W. C. Li, L. Li, and F. Z. Liu. 2011. Effects of dietary dihydropyridine on laying performance and lipid metabolism of broiler breeder hens. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 41:331-336.
21 Kalavathy, R., N. Abdullah, S. Jalaludin, M. C. Wong, and Y. W. Ho. 2006. Effects of Lactobacillus feed supplementation on cholesterol, fat content and fatty acid composition of the liver, muscle, and carcass of broiler chickens. Anim. Res. 55:77-82.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Kang, N. H., W. K. Lee, B. R. Yi, M. A. Park, H. R. Lee, S. K. Park, K. A. Hwang, H. K. Park, and K. C. Choi. 2012. Modulation of lipid metabolism by mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide through pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity in a rat model. Lab. Anim. Res. 28:31-38.   DOI
23 Kassim, H. and S. Suwanpradit. 1996a. The effect of energy levels on the carcass composition of the broilers. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 9:331-335.   DOI
24 Kassim, H. and S. Suwanpradit. 1996b. The effects of dietary protein levels on the carcass composition of starter and grower broilers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 9:261-266.   DOI
25 Kobayashi, S. and H. Itoh. 1991. Effect of dietary chitin and chitosan on growth and abdominal fat deposition in chicks. J. Poult. Sci. 28:88-94.   DOI
26 Khan, R. U., S. Naz, Z. Nikousefat, V. Tufarelli, and V. Laudadio. 2012. Thymus vulgari: alternative to antibiotics in poultry feed. World's Poult. Sci. J. 68:401-408.   DOI
27 Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, E. D. Peebles, S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, S. L. Branton, and J. C. Woodworth. 2005. Breeder hen dietary L-carnitine affects progeny carcase traits. Br. Poult. Sci. 46:97-103.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Klimis-Taventzis, D. J., P. M. Kris-Etherton, and R. M. Jr. Leach. 1983. The effect of dietary manganese deficiency on cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the estrogen-treated chicken and the laying hen. J. Nutr. 113:320-327.
29 Flock, D. K., K. F. Laughlin, and J. Bentley. 2005. Minimizing losses in poultry breeding and production: How breeding companies contribute to poultry welfare. World's Poult. Sci. J. 61:227-237.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Fouad, A. M., H. K. El-Senousey, X. J. Yang, and J. H. Yao. 2012. Role of dietary L-arginine in poultry production. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 11:718-729.   DOI
31 Fouad, A. M., H. K. El-Senousey, X. J. Yang, and J. H. Yao. 2013. Dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces abdominal fat content by modulating lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Animal 7:1239-1245.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Golzar Adabi, S. H., R. G. Cooper, N. Ceylan, and M. Corduk. 2011. L-carnitine and its functional effects in poultry nutrition. World's Poult. Sci. J. 67:277-296.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Grisoni, M. L., G. Uzu, M. Larbier, and P. A. Geraert. 1991. Effect of dietary lysine on lipogenesis in broilers. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 31:683-690.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Homma, H. and T. Shinohara. 2004. Effects of probiotic Bacillus cereus toyoi on abdominal fat accumulation in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Anim. Sci. J. 75:37-41.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Halici, M., H. Imik, M. Koc, and R. Gumus. 2012. Effects of $\alpha$-lipoic acid, vitamins E and C upon the heat stress in Japanese quails. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96:408-415.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Havenstein, G. B., P. R. Ferket, and M. A. Qureshi. 2003. Growth, livability and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 92:1500-1508.
37 Hermier, D. 1997. Lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry. J. Nutr. 127:805-808.
38 Jlali, M., V. Gigaud, S. Metayer-Coustard, N. Sellier, S. Tesseraud, E. Le Bihan-Duval, and C. Berri. 2012. Modulation of glycogen and breast meat processing ability by nutrition in chickens: Effect of crude protein level in 2 chicken genotypes. J. Anim. Sci. 90:447-455.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Deng, W., X. F. Dong, J. M. Tong, T. H. Xie, and Q. Zhang. 2012. Effects of an aqueous alfalfa extract on production performance, egg quality and lipid metabolism of laying hens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96:85-94.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Dong, X. F., W. W. Gao, J. M. Tong, H. Q. Jia, R. N. Sa, and Q. Zhang. 2007. Effect of polysavone (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86:1955-1959.   DOI
41 Du, M. and D. U. Ahn. 2002. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth rate of live birds and on the abdominal fat content and quality of broiler meat. Poult. Sci. 81:428-433.   DOI
42 Eaton, S. 2002. Control of mitochondrial beta-oxidation flux. Prog. Lipid. Res. 41:197-239.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Fernandez-Galilea, M., P. Perez-Matute, P. L. Prieto-Hontoria, J. A. Martinez, and M. J. Moreno-Aliaga. 2012. Effects of lipoic acid on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Lipid Res. 53:2296-2306.   DOI
44 El-Senousey, H. K., A. M. Fouad, J. H. Yao, Z. G. Zhang, and Q. W. Shen. 2013. Dietary alpha lipoic acid improves body composition, meat quality and decreases collagen content in muscle of broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 26:394-400.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Emmerson, D. A. 1997. Commercial approaches to genetic selection for growth and feed conversion in domestic poultry. Poult. Sci. 76:1121-1125.   DOI
46 Fan, H. P., M. Xie, W. W. Wang, S. S. Hou, and W. Huang. 2008. Effects of dietary energy on growth performance and carcass quality of white growing pekin ducks from two to six weeks of age. Poult. Sci. 87:1162-1164.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Ferrini, G., E. G.Manzanilla, D. Menoyo, E. Esteve-Garcia, M. D. Baucells, and A. C. Barroeta. 2010. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids in fat metabolism and thyroid hormone levels when compared to dietary saturated fatty acids in chickens. Livest. Sci. 131:287-291.   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Choct, M., A. Naylor, O. Hutton, and J. Nolan. 2000. Increasing efficiency of lean tissue composition in broiler chickens. A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Publication No 98/123. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/98-123. Accessed September 20, 2013.
49 Choi, J., J. Song, Y. M. Choi, D. J. Jang, E. Kim, I. Kim, and K. M. Chee. 2006. Daidzein modulations of apolipoprotein B and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression in chick liver vary depending on dietary protein levels. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 19:236-244.   과학기술학회마을
50 Collin, A., R. D. Malheiros, V. M. B. Moraes, P. Van As, V. M. Darras, M. Taouis, E. Decuypere, and J. Buyse. 2003. Effects of dietary macronutrient content on energy metabolism and uncoupling protein mRNA expression in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 90:261-269.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Corzo, A., E. T. Jr. Moran, and D. Hoehler. 2003. Arginine need of heavy broiler males: Applying the ideal protein concept. Poult. Sci. 82:402-407.   DOI
52 Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, W. A. Dozier, L. A. Shack, and S. C. Burgess. 2006. Protein expression of pectoralis major muscle in chickens in response to dietary methionine status. Br. J. Nutr. 95:703-708.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Crespo, N. and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2001. Dietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 80:71-78.   DOI
54 Crespo, N. and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002a. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease fat deposition in separable fat depots but not in the remainder carcass. Poult. Sci. 81:512-518.   DOI
55 Crespo, N. and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002b. Dietary linseed oil produces lower abdominal fat deposition but higher de novo fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 81:1555-1562.   DOI
56 Cui, H. X., M. Q. Zheng, R. R. Liu, G. P. Zhao, J. L. Chen, and J. Wen. 2012. Liver dominant expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene in two chicken breeds during intramuscular-fat development. Mol. Biol. Rep. 39:3479-3484.   DOI
57 Baeza, E. and E. Le Bihan-Duval. 2013. Chicken lines divergent for low or high abdominal fat deposition: A relevant model to study the regulation of energy metabolism. Animal 7:965-973.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Baiao, N. C. and L. J. C. Lara. 2005. Oil and fat in broiler nutrition. Brazilian J. Poult. Sci. 7:129-141.
59 Becker, W. A., J. V. Spencer, L. W. Mirosh, and J. A. Verstrate. 1979. Prediction of fat and fat free live weight in broiler chickens using back skin fat, abdominal fat and live body weight. Poult. Sci. 58:835-842.   DOI
60 Bakutis, B. and Y. Bukis. 1984. Antioxidants in feeding of broiler ducks. J. Ptitsevodstvo10:21-22.
61 Berri, C., J. Besnard, and C. Relandeau. 2008. Increasing dietary lysine increases final pH and decreases drip loss of broiler breast meat. Poult. Sci. 87:480-484.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Biswas, Md. A. H. and M. Wakita. 2001. Effect of dietary Japanese green tea powder supplementation on feed utilization and carcass profiles in broilers. J. Poult. Sci. 38:50-57.   DOI
63 Butterwith, S. C. 1989. Contribution of lipoprotein lipase activity to the differential growth of three adipose tissue depots in young broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 30:927-933.   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Cao, F. L., X. H. Zhang, W. W. Yu, L. G. Zhao, and T. Wang. 2012. Effect of feeding fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves on growth performance, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Poult. Sci. 91:1210-1221.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Chen, P., Q. G. Ma, C. Ji, J.Y. Zhang, L. H. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and Y. Z. Jie. 2011. Dietary lipoic acid influences antioxidant capability and oxidative status of broilers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12:8476-8488.   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Chen, W., Y. M. Guo, Y. Q. Huang, Y. H. Shi, C. X. Zhang, and J. W. Wang. 2012. Effect of energy restriction on growth, slaughter performance, serum biochemical parameters and Lpin2/WDTC1 mRNA expression of broilers in the later phase. J. Poult. Sci. 49:12-19.   DOI
67 Adams, K. A. and A. J. Davis. 2001. Dietary protein concentration regulates the mRNA expression of chicken hepatic malic enzyme. J. Nutr. 131:2269-2274.
68 Andi, M. A. 2012. Effects of additional DL-methionine in broiler starter diet on blood lipids and abdominal fat. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11:7579-7581.
69 Al-Daraji, H. J., A. A. Al-Mashadani, W. K. Al-Hayani, A. S. AlHassani, and H. A. Mirza. 2011. Influence of in ovo injection of L-arginine on productive and physiological performance of quails. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7:463-467.
70 Al-Kassie, G. A. M. 2009. Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pak. Vet. J. 29:169-173.
71 Arslan, C., M. Citil, and M. Saatci. 2003. Effect of L-carnitine administration on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters and abdominal fatty acid composition of ducks. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:381-388.   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Arslan, C., M. Citil, and M. Saatci. 2004. Effects of L-carnitine administration on growth performance, carcass traits, serum lipids and abdominal fatty acid compositions of geese. Rev. Med. Vet. 155:315-320.
73 Attia, Y. A. 2003. Performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and plasma constituents of meat type drakes fed diets containing different levels of lysine with or without a microbial phytase. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:39-48.   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Back, D. W., M. J. Goldman, J. E. Fisch, R. S. Ochs, and A. G. Goodridge. 1986. The fatty acid synthase gene in avian liver. Two mRNAs are expressed and regulated in parallel by feeding, primarily at the level of transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 261:4190-4197.
75 Badinga, L., K. T. Selberg, A. C. Dinges, C. W. Comer, and R. D. Miles. 2003. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters hepatic lipid content and fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 82:111-116.   DOI
76 Zhang, Y., K. Hongtrakul, Q. G. Ma, L. T. Liu, and X. X. Hu. 2009b. Effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid on anti-oxidative ability and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 22:1195-1201.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
77 Zhong, C., H. S. Nakaue, C. Y. Hu, and L. W. Mirosh. 1995. Effect of full food and early food restriction on broiler performance, abdominal fat level, cellularity and fat metabolism in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 74:1636-1643.   DOI
78 Zhou, H., N. Deeb, C. M. Evock-Clover, C. M. Ashwel, and S. J. Lamont. 2006. Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. II. Body composition. Poult. Sci. 85:1712-1721.   DOI
79 Zhou, J. 2008. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on abdominal fat deposition in yellow-feather broiler chickens and its possible mechanism. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 21:1760-1765.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
80 Zhou, T. X., Y. J. Chen, J. S. Yoo, Y. Huang, J. H. Lee, H. D. Jang, S. O. Shin, H. J. Kim, J. H. Cho, and I. H. Kim. 2009. Effects of chitooligosaccharide supplementation on performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 88:593-600.   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Zou, X. T., Z. R. Xu, J. L. Zhu, X. J. Fang, and J. F. Jiang. 2007. Effects of dietary dihydropyridine supplementation on laying performance and fat metabolism of laying hens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 20:1606-1611.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
82 Xu, Z. R., M. Q. Wang, H. X. Mao, X. A. Zhan, and C. H. Hu. 2003. Effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass composition, and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Poult. Sci. 82:408-413.   DOI
83 Yang, X., J. Zhuang, K. Rao, X. Li, and R. Zhao. 2010. Effect of early feed restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism and expression of lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Res. Vet. Sci. 89:438-444.   DOI   ScienceOn
84 Abdulkarimi, R., M. Daneshyar, and A. Aghazadeh. 2011. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract consumption darkens liver, lowers blood cholesterol, proportional liver and abdominal fat weights in broiler chickens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 10:101-105.
85 Zhang, G. M., J. Wen, J. L. Chen, G. P. Zhao, M. Q. Zheng, and W. J. Li. 2007. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performances, carcass composition, plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and meat traits of chicken. Br. Poult. Sci. 48:217-223.   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Zhang, X., B. Wang, F. Long, L. Wang, and Z. Yang. 2009a. The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fatty acid composition and key enzymes of fatty acids oxidation in liver and muscle of geese. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 33:215-222.
87 Yalcin, S., H. Ozkul, S. Ozkan, R. Gous, I. Yasa, and E. Babacanoglu. 2010. Effect of dietary protein regime on meat quality traits and carcase nutrient content of broilers from two commercial genotypes. Br. Poult. Sci. 51:621-628.   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Yamamoto, M., F. Saleh, M. Tahir, A. Ohtsuka, and K. Hayashi. 2007. The effect of Koji-fed (fermented distillery byproduct) on the growth performance and nutrient metabolizability in broiler. J. Poult. Sci. 44:291-296.   DOI
89 Yan, L., Q. W. Meng, J. H. Lee, J. P. Wang, and I. H. Kim. 2011a. Effect of dietary wildginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24: 258-263.   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Yan, L., Q. W. Meng, X. Ao, J. P. Wang, H. D. Jang, and I. H. Kim. 2011b. Evaluation of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on egg production, egg quality, hematological profiles and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens. Livest. Sci. 140:201-205.   DOI   ScienceOn
91 Yao, J. H., S. Q. Li, L. L. Zhong, S. X. Huang, W. J. Zhang, and H. B. Xi. 2006. The relative effectiveness of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue compared to DL-methionine in broilers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1026-1032.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
92 Zhan, X. A., J. X. Li, Z. R. Xu, and R. Q. Zhao. 2006. Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 47:576-580.   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Wu, L. Y., Y. J. Fang, and X. Y. Guo. 2011. Dietary Larginine supplementation beneficially regulates body fat deposition of meat-type ducks. Br. Poult. Sci. 52:221-226.   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Wang, Y., Y. Mu, H. Li, N. Ding, Q. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Wang, and N. Wang. 2008. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ gene: A key regulator of adipocyte differentiation in chickens. Poult. Sci. 87:226-232.   DOI   ScienceOn
95 Wang, Z. Y., S. R. Shi, Q. Y. Zhou, H. M. Yang, J. M. Zou, K. N. Zhang, and H. M. Han. 2010. Response of growing goslings to dietary methionine from 28 to 70 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci. 51:118-121.   DOI   ScienceOn
96 Wu, L., X. Guo, and Y. Fang. 2012. Effect of diet dilution ratio at early age on growth performance, carcass characteristics and hepatic lipogenesis of Pekin ducks. Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 14:43-49.
97 Xie, M., J. N. Zhao, S. S. Hou, and W. Huang. 2010. The apparent metabolizable energy requirement of White Pekin ducklings from hatch to 3 weeks of age. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 157: 95-98.   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Xie, M., S. S. Hou, and W. Huang. 2006. Methionine requirements of male white Peking ducks from twenty-one to forty nine days of age. Poult. Sci. 85:743-746.   DOI
99 Xing, J., L. Kang, and Y. Jiang. 2011. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenesis gene expression and CpG methylation of lipoprotein lipase gene in broilers. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38:1975-1981.   DOI
100 Xing, J., L. Kang, Y. Hu, Q. Xu, N. Zhang, and Y. Jiang. 2009. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on mRNA expression and promoter CpG methylation of lipoprotein lipase gene in laying hens. J. Poult. Sci. 46:224-228.   DOI
101 Tan, B. J. and S. Ohtani. 2000. Effect of different early feed restriction regimens on performance, carcass composition and lipid metabolism in male ducks. Anim. Sci. J. 71:586-593.
102 Xiong, M., S. Li, Peng, Y. Feng, G. Yu, Q. Xin, and Y. Gong. 2010. Adipogenesis in ducks interfered by small interfering ribonucleic acids of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ gene. Poult. Sci. 89:88-95.   DOI   ScienceOn
103 Szymczyk, B., P. M. Pisulewski, W. Szczurek, and P. Hanczakowski. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and subsequent carcass quality in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 85:465-473.   DOI   ScienceOn
104 Takahashi, K. and Y. Akiba. 1995. Effect of methionine supplementation on lipogenesis and lipolysis in broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 32:99-106.   DOI
105 Tanaka, K., S. Ohyani, and K. Shigeno. 1983. Effect of increasing dietary energy on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chicks. II. Increasing energy by fat or protein supplementation. Poult. Sci. 62:452-458.   DOI
106 Tesseraud, S., I. Bouvarel, A. Collin, E. Audouin, S.Crochet, I. Seiliez, and C. Leterrier. 2009. Daily variations in dietary lysine content alter the expression of genes related to proteolysis in chicken pectoralis major muscle. J. Nutr. 139: 38-43.
107 Thomas, V. G., S. K. Mainguy, and J. P. Prevett. 1983. Predicting fat-content of geese from abdominal fat weight. J. Wildl. Manage. 47:1115-1119.   DOI
108 Virtanen, E. 1995. Piecing together the betaine puzzle. Feed Mix 3:12-17.
109 Wang, Y. Z., Z. R. Xu, and J. Feng. 2004. The effect of betaine and DL-methionine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in meat ducks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 116: 151-159.   DOI   ScienceOn
110 Sanz, M., A. Flores, and C. J. Lopez-Bote. 2000a. The metabolic use of energy from dietary fat in broilers is affected by fatty acid saturation. Br. Poult. Sci. 41:61-68.
111 Sanz, M., A. Flores, P. Perez de Ayala, and C. J. Lopez-Bote. 1999. Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed on unsaturated fats. Br. Poult. Sci. 40:95-101.   DOI   ScienceOn
112 Sanz, M., C. J. Lopez-Bote, D. Menoyo, and J. M. Bautista. 2000b. Abdominal fat deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower and $\beta$-oxidation is higher in broiler chickens fed diets containing unsaturated rather than saturated fat. J. Nutr. 130: 3034-3037.
113 Sato, K., H. Abe, T. Kono, M. Yamazaki, K. Nakashima, T. Kamada, and Y. Akiba. 2009. Changes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression of chicken abdominal adipose tissue with different age, sex and genotype. Anim. Sci. J. 80:322-327.   DOI   ScienceOn
114 Shen, Q. W., M. J. Zhu, J. Tong, J. Ren, and M. Du. 2007. $Ca^{2+}$/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase is involved in AMP-activated protein kinase activation by alpha-lipoic acid in $C_2C_{12}$ myotubes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293: C1395-C1403.   DOI   ScienceOn
115 Simon, O., K. Manner, K. Schafer, A. Sagredos, and K. Eder. 2000. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on protein-to-fed proportion, fatty acids and plasma lipids in broilers. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:402-410.   DOI   ScienceOn
116 Simopoulos, A. P. 2000. Human requirement for N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Poult. Sci. 79:961- 970.   DOI
117 Saleh, A. A., Y. Z. Eid, T. A. Ebeid, A. Ohtsuka, K. Hioki, M. Yamamoto, and K. Hayashi. 2012. The modification of the muscle fatty acid profile by dietary supplementation with Aspergillus awamori in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 108:1596-1602.   DOI   ScienceOn
118 Su, S. Y., M. V. Dodson, X. B. Li, Q. F. Li, H. W. Wang, and Z. Xie. 2009. The effects of dietary betaine supplementation on fatty liver performance, serum parameters, histological changes, methylation status and the mRNA expression level of Spot14\alpha in Landes goose fatty liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 154:308-314.   DOI   ScienceOn
119 Rosebrough, R. W., S. M. Poch, B. A. Russell, and M. P. Richards. 2002. Dietary protein regulates in vitro lipogenesis and lipogenic gene expression in broilers. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 132:423-431.   DOI   ScienceOn
120 Royan, M., G. Y. Meng, F. Othman, A. Q. Sazili, and B. Navidshad. 2011. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid, fish oil and soybean oil on PPARs (\alpha & $\gamma$) mRNA expression in broiler chickens and their relation to body fat deposits. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12: 8581-8595.   DOI   ScienceOn
121 Saleh, A. A., Z. Eid, and K. Hayashi. 2011. Effects of feeding Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus niger on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 48: 201-206.   DOI
122 Sands, J. S. and M. O. Smith. 1999. Broilers in heat stress conditions: Effects of dietary manganese proteinate or chromium picolinate supplementation. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 8: 280-287.   DOI
123 Santoso, U. 2001. Effects of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 14:1585-1591.   DOI
124 Rosebrough, R. W., B. A. Russell, and M. P. Richards. 2008. Short term changes in expression of lipogenic genes in broilers (Gallus gallus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 149:389-395.   DOI   ScienceOn
125 Wang, S. Z., X. X. Hu, Z. P. Wang, X. C. Li, Q. G. Wang, Y. X. Wang, Z. Q. Tang, and H. Li. 2012. Quantitative trait loci associated with body weight and abdominal fat traits on chicken chromosomes 3, 5 and 7. Genet. Mol. Res. 11:956-965.   DOI   ScienceOn