• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.525-531
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• 2010

To figure out the importance of temperature on electrochemical properties in water environment, calcium carbonate, one of important substances in water chemistry, was chosen to make suspensions. The result of electrokinetic potential of calcium carbonate suspensions revealed that it tended to increase as temperature increased. In addition, electrokinetic potential was negatively increased as suspensions became more basic. Its isoelectric point was ca. 7 regardless of temperature. The adsorption of hydrogen ions on calcium carbonate particles followed endothermic reaction. This result was verified by continuously measuring pH as adding HCl solution in calcium carbonate suspension. It explained that suspensions' potential was determined by DLVO theory which calculated total interaction energy between particles. Suspensions' total interaction energy was proportional to the value of electrokinetic potential. Furthermore, total interaction energy between particles increased as suspensions' temperature was increased.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.749-758
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• 2017

In structural mechanics, traditional analyses methods usually employ matrix operations for obtaining displacement and internal forces of the structure under the external effects, such as distributed loads, earthquake or wind excitations, and temperature changing inter alia. These matrices are derived from the well-known principle of mechanics called minimum potential energy. According to this principle, a system can be in the equilibrium state only in case when the total potential energy of system is minimum. A close examination of the expression of the well-known equilibrium condition for linear problems, $P=K{\Delta}$, where P is the load vector, K is the stiffness matrix and ${\Delta}$ is the displacement vector, it is seen that, basically this principle searches the displacement set (or deformed shape) for a system that minimizes the total potential energy of it. Instead of using mathematical operations used in the conventional methods, with a different formulation, meta-heuristic algorithms can also be used for solving this minimization problem by defining total potential energy as objective function and displacements as design variables. Based on this idea the technique called Total Potential Optimization using Meta-heuristic Algorithms (TPO/MA) is proposed. The method has been successfully applied for linear and non-linear analyses of trusses and truss-like structures, and the results have shown that the approach is much more successful than conventional methods, especially for analyses of non-linear systems. In this study, the application of TPO/MA, with Harmony Search as the selected meta-heuristic algorithm, to cables net system is presented. The results have shown that the method is robust, powerful and accurate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.2911-2916
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• 2014

The gas phase structures, energetics, and interconversion pathways of five lowest energy conformers of acetylcholine were examined employing the B3LYP, MP2, and CCSD(T) methods in conjunction with diverse basis sets including the correlation consistent aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. It is found that use of adequate basis set containing proper polarization and diffuse functions capable of describing the floppy potential energy surface of acetylcholine is important in correctly predicting the relative stability of these conformers. The interconversion pathways and barrier heights between these conformers were elucidated by examining the potential energy surface for torsional motion, which also manifested the presence of chiral conformations of acetylcholine corresponding to the original conformations. On the basis of high level electronic energy calculations and thermal contribution analysis, four lowest energy conformers appear to be populated in the energy range of less than 1 kcal/mol at room temperature.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.293-298
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• 1995

수용액에서 pH와 일정공급전위 변화에 따른 강철심에 도금된 놋쇠의 안정성을 교류 임피던스로 측정하여 연구하였다. 일정 pH에서 일정공급전위가 양전위로 감에 따라 코팅기공저항은 감소된다. 그 사실은 일정공급전위가 양전위로 감에 따라 도금된 놋쇠층이 용액에 더 용해됨을 나타낸다. 강철심에 도금된 놋쇠의 안정성은 pH=7.1 > pH=4.0 > pH=10.0 순으로 감소한다. 위와 같은 실험결과는 전자현미경 (SEM)/에너지분산분광계(EDS)의 자료에 의해 증명된다.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.591-601
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• 2011

In this paper, we deal with the discrete p-Laplacian operators with a potential term having the smallest nonnegative eigenvalue. Such operators are classified as its smallest eigenvalue is positive or zero. We discuss differences between them such as an existence of solutions of p-Laplacian equations on networks and properties of the energy functional. Also, we give some examples of Poisson equations which suggest a difference between linear types and nonlinear types. Finally, we study characteristics of the set of a potential those involving operator has the smallest positive eigenvalue.

• EDISON SW 활용 경진대회 논문집
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• 제2회(2013년)
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• pp.256-259
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• 2013

We investigate co-doping effects of conjugated P-N B-N with increasing of N concentration in the graphene sheets using a first principles based on the density functional theory. N doping sites of the graphene consider two possible sites (pyridinic and porphyrin-like). Energy calculation shows that additional doping of B atom in the porphyrin-like N doped graphene ($V+B-N_x$) is hard to form. At the low chemical potential of N, one N atom with additional doping in the graphene ($V+P-N_1$, $P/B-N_1$) has low formation energy on the other hand at high chemical potential of N, high concentration of N ($V+P-N_4$, $P/B-N_3$) in the graphene is governing conformation. From the results of electronic band structure calculation, it is found that $V+P-N_4$ and $P/B-N_3$ cases change the Fermi energy therefore type change is occurred. On the other hand, the cases of $V+P-N_1$ and N+B recover the electronic structure of pristine graphene.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 1999

모의폐액으로 제조한 50 ppm의 코발트이온을 sodium lauryl sulfate의 계면활성제를 사용하여 침전부상법으로 제거하였다. 침전부상으로 코발트 이온을 제거하기 전에 35% $H_2O_2$를 모의폐액에 첨가하여 폐액의 전처리 과정을 도입하였다. 그 결과 최적 pH 및 처리후 잔존용액의 pH가 낮아졌고, 넓은 범위의 pH에서 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 초기 코발트 이온농도, pH, 계면활성제 농도, 제거시간, 공급기체 유속, 외부이온 농도 등을 변수로 하여 실험한 결과, 초기 코발트 이온농도 50 ppm, pH 9.5, 공급기체 유속 70 mL/min, 제거시간 30분 등의 조건에서 99.8%의 제거율을 나타내었다. 침전물과 계면활성제의 흡착은 zeta potential 뿐만 아니라 침전물의 용해도 및 pH에 따라 변화하는 화학종과의 친화력과도 관계가 되는 것으로 추축되었다. 외부 이온으로서 $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{-2}$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{+2}$를 첨가하여 그 영향을 관찰하였으며, ${SO_4}^{-2}$가 0.1 M 함유된 cobalt 용액을 침전부상법으로 처리한 결과 zeta potential의 감소 및 침전방해 등의 이유로 제거효율은 90%를 나타내었다.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2011

Currently one of the most importance issues in industrial sector is energy cost and energy efficiency. The manufacturing plants especially have made many efforts to reduce energy cost by implementing maintenances. But in many cases, they are not aware that how much energy could be saved more. If we know the best energy consumption, which signifies energy baseline, we can control the intensity of maintenances. One way to obtain the baseline is using proper statistics from a specific plant, a sector of industry. Energy bandwidth signifies the gap between actual Specific Energy Consumption(SEC) of a certain plant and minimum SEC of the best plant, and estimate energy saving potential(ESP) is a result of bandwidth analysis. We chose a model plant and implemented some maintenance for a year, and then we obtained ESP. Additionally we could determine the decreased amount of carbon emissions from the plant using Carbon Emissions Factor(CEF) by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.567-572
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of counter ion valency of the electrolyte on the colloidal repulsion between two parallel cylindrical particles were investigated. Electrostatic interactions of the cylindrical particles were calculated with the variation of counter ion valency. To calculate the electrical repulsive energy working between these two cylindrical particles, Derjaguin approximation was applied. The electrostatic potential profiles were obtained numerically by solving nonlinear Poission-Boltzmann (P-B) equation and calculating middle point potential and repulsive energy working between interacting surfaces. The electrical potential and repulsive energy were influenced by counter ion valency, Debye length, and surface potential. The potential profile and middle point potential decayed with the counter ion valency due to the promoted shielding of electrical charge. On the while, the repulsive energy increased with the counter ion valency at a short separation distance. These behaviors of electrostatic interaction agreed with previous results on planar or spherical surfaces.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.255-262
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• 1994

아크용융방법으로 준비한 Ti-5Bi 합금을 산화시켜 제조한 산화티타늄의 에너지변환효율(${\eta}_e$)을 광학농도, 광에너지에 따라서 측정하였다. 그리고 광학농도 및 전해액의 pH변화에 따른 플랫-밴드전압변화를 측정하였다. 광학농도와 광에너지가 증가하면 에너지변환효율은 증가하였으며 광학농도 $0.2W/cm^2$, 조사되는 빛의 에너지가 4.0eV에서 최대 에너지변환효율은 각각 3.2%, 13%로 나타났다. 에너지변환효율은 인가전압 의존성을 보여주었으며 0.5V의 전압을 인가하였을 경우 최대값을 보여주었다. 한편 전체 광전류의 발생은 산화티타늄 공핍층 내의 전자-정공쌍의 생성반응에 의해 율속되었다. 광학농도가 증가하면 플랫-밴드전압은 -0.065V/decade의 기울기를 나타내었으며 전해액의 pH가 감소하면 플랫-밴드전압은 양의 방향으로 이동하였으며 그 기울기값은 0.059V/pH로 Nernst 식의 기울기값과 일치하였다.