• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 2005

For the acellular pertussis vaccine with a high immunogenicity, the concentration, composition and characteristics of acellular pertussis antigens are the crucial points to be considered. Nevertheless, it has not been proved yet whether or not the polymerization degree, one of the characteristics of formalin-detoxified acellular pertussis antigens, has an influence on vaccine potency. Thus, in the present study, the correlations among detoxification conditions of acellular pertussis bulks, their polymerization degrees and their immunogenicities were examined. In addition, the relative importance of pertussis toxoid in vaccine immunogenicity was also investigated. Results show that a lower lysine concentration during detoxification induces highly-polymerized antigens, the immunogenicity has a great dependency on the polymerization degree of antigens, and also pertussis toxoid has a relatively stronger influence on the immunogenicity than other antigens. Accordingly, in the aspect of the potency of detoxified acellular pertussis vaccine, it can be demonstrated that the polymerization of antigens and its degree are the major factors affecting the immunogenicity along with a relatively high content of pertussis toxoid

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2018

The methods of applied genetic toxicology are changing from qualitative hazard identification to quantitative risk assessment. Recently, quantitative analysis with point of departure (PoD) metrics and benchmark dose (BMD) modeling have been applied to in vitro genotoxicity data. Two software packages are commonly used for BMD analysis. In previous studies, we performed quantitative dose-response analysis by using the PROAST software to quantitatively evaluate the mutagenicity of four piperidine nitroxides with various substituent groups on the 4-position of the piperidine ring and six cigarette whole smoke solutions (WSSs) prepared by bubbling machine-generated whole smoke. In the present study, we reanalyzed the obtained genotoxicity data by using the EPA's BMD software (BMDS) to evaluate the inter-platform quantitative agreement of the estimates of genotoxic potency. We calculated the BMDs for 10%, 50%, and 100% (i.e., a two-fold increase), and 200% increases over the concurrent vehicle controls to achieve better discrimination of the dose-responses, along with their BMDLs (the lower 95% confidence interval of the BMD) and BMDUs (the upper 95% confidence interval of the BMD). The BMD values and rankings estimated in this study by using the EPA's BMDS were reasonably similar to those calculated in our previous studies by using PROAST. These results indicated that both software packages were suitable for dose-response analysis using the mouse lymphoma assay and that the BMD modeling results from these software packages produced comparable rank orders of the mutagenic potency.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2003

The vascular relaxant and antihypertensive effects of newly developed salts of amlodipine-maleate and camsylate-were evaluated on isolated aorta from rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and compared with those of amlodipine besylate, a standard drug. Amlodipine besylate concentration-dependently inhibited $Ca^{2＋}$-induced contraction in depolarised rat aorta($IC_{50}$/: 4.17 nM), with a very slow onset of action. Amlodipine maleate and amlodipine camsylate also showed vascular relaxant effect with a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate($IC_{50}$/: 3.62 and 3.28 nM, respectively). Amloclipine besylate produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting(>10∼24h) antihypertensive effect with a slow onset of action (ED$_{20}$: 2.31 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Amlodipine maleate and amlodipine camsylate also exerted antihypertensive effects with a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate(ED$_{20}$: 2.09 and 2.21 mg/kg, respectively). These results suggest that amlodipine maleate and amlodipine camsylate are not statistically differ with amlodipine besylate in relaxant effect of $Ca^{2＋}$-induced contraction in depolarised rat aorta and in antihypertensive effect in spontaneously antihypertensive rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1687-1700
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• 2010

This study analyzes the effects of leadership by team leaders on team empowerment and the effects of team empowerment on the performance of team members in fashion companies. A survey was conducted from May 1 to June 30 in 2010. The data were collected from team members in fashion companies in the Seoul metropolitan area and 670 respondents were used in the data analysis. The statistical analysis methods were frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis. As a result, the leadership of the team leaders was classified by the contingent reward, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, charisma, and exceptional management. Team empowerment was classified by the team potency, team autonomy, team impact, and team meaning. The performance of team members were classified by the job accomplishment, job satisfaction, and job commitment. The intellectual stimulation and charisma leadership influenced team empowerment in fashion companies; in addition, the team potency, team impact, and team meaning influenced the performance of team members in fashion companies.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.29.1-29.7
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• 2019

Veterinary drugs are widely used to protect production-related diseases and promote the growth of farmed fish. The use of large amounts of veterinary drugs may have potential risk and cause adverse effects on both humans and the environment. In this study, we developed risk-based ranking based on a scoring system to be applied in the national residue program. In this approach, the following three factors of veterinary drugs that may occur as residues in fishery products were considered: potency (acceptable daily intake), usage (number of dose and withdrawal period), and residue occurrence. The overall ranking score was calculated using the following equation: potency × usage (sum of the number of sales and withdrawal period) × residue occurrence. The veterinary drugs that were assigned high score by applying this approach were enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, oxolinic acid, erythromycin, and trimethoprim. The risk-based approach for monitoring veterinary drugs can provide a reliable inspection priority in fishery products. The developed ranking system can be applied in web-based systems and residuemonitoring programs and to ensure safe management of fishery products in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.411-415
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the protective action of glucuronopyranoside flavonoids (QGC, AGC, LGC) on gastritis in rats. QGC, AGC and omeprazole decreased the gastric volume significantly, and each $ID_{50}$ was 0.75, 0.54 and 8.5 mg/kg, respectively, thus the order of potency was AGC, QGC and omeprazole. They also decreased acid output, and each $ID_{50}$ was 7.81, 0.58 and 6.71 mg/kg, respectively, thus the order of potency was AGC, omeprazole and QGC. They inhibited gastritis induced by indomethacin, and it recovered significantly by increasing the GSH levels in gastritis. The gastric MPO activity in the gastritis group increased more than in the normal group. QGC, LGC, or AGC administration reduced moderately the MPO activity in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that AGC, QGC, or LGC showed potent efficacy on the gastritis, by preventing oxidative stress. These results suggest that QGC, AGC, or LGC have gastroprotective effect in rats.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2004

Alcohol consumption and exposure to endocrine disruptors and industrial solvents have been implicated in impaired spermatogenesis, increase in the incidence of malformed sperm and decrease in the percentage of moving sperm. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the direct effects of some organic solvents(bisphenol A; BPA, dibutyl phthalate; DBP, formaldehyde; HCHO, dimethylsulphoxide; DMSO, ethanol) on mucus penetration distance, motility and survival rate of human sperm in vitro. Semen samples from 3 health subjects were prepared using swim-up method and 0.0005-0.5% organic solvents were added to the test medium. BPA, DBP, HCHO and DMSO produced significant decreases in the motility and survival rate with a different potency. The most potent inhibition of mucus penetration distance, motility and survival rate was observed after exposure to HCHO. A concentration of 0.0005% HCHO significantly inhibited sperm motility. When ethanol m.: added directly to sperm, at concentrations equivalent to that in serum after heavy drinking, these damaging effects were lowest compared with other solvents. Present study shows that each compound has different toxic potency to human sperm and we need special caution for the use of HCHO.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2018

N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU), direct alkylating chemical mutagens and carcinogens, are shown to be the upregulators of cellular $NF-{\kappa}B$, regulating various genes that mediate tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO), a toxic reactive radical gas, has been known to induce programmed cell death or apoptosis in various cells. Therefore, the assessment of NO production was examined to elucidate the possible contribution of NO release to the chemical carcinogenic potency of NMU and NEU in human skin cells. NMU and NEU did not alter the NO production, but they caused a significant downregulation of the NO generation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production at concentrations ranging from $2{\sim}5{\mu}M$. The degree of downregulation of NO by NMU and NEU decreased up to 15% and 20%, respectively, compared to the control. These results demonstrate that the LPS-inducible keratinocytes NO synthase is involved in modulating carcinogenic potency by NMU and NEU, and the regulation of the cellular $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity by NMU and NEU is negatively correlated with the level of LPS-induced NO production in human skin cells. The findings of this study suggest the hypothesis that NMU and NEU-induced carcinogenesis may be associated with the downregulation of NO production, and the inducible NO may play an important role in NMU and NEU-induced carcinogenicity in human epidermal keratinocytes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

The vascular relaxant effect of amlodipine adipate, a new salt of amlodipine, was evaluate in isolated rat aorta, and compared with that of amlodipine besylate. Furthermore, antihypertensive effects were measured in hypertensive rat models, such as spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and rena1 hypertensive rats (RHR). Amlodipine adipate concentration-dependently inhibited $Ca^{2+}$-induced contraction of rat aorta with a very slow onset of action (reached its maximum at 3.5 h;$IC_{50}$: 3.76 nM), having a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate ($IC_{50}$: 4.01 nM). In SHR and RHR, orally administered amlodipine adipate produced a dosedependent and long-lasting (>10-24 h) antihypertensive effect ($ED_{20}$: 2.48 and 1.57 mg/kg, respectively), with a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate ($ED_{20}$: 2.50 and 1.99 mg/kg in SHR and RHR, respectively). These results suggest that amlodipine adipate is a potent and long-lasting antihypertensive agent and that its antihypertensive effect is not significantly different to that of amlodipine besylate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5801-5805
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• 2015

As a cytosolic transcription factor, the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor is involved in several pathophysiological events leading to immunosuppression and cancer; hence antagonists of the Ah receptor may possess chemoprevention properties. It is known to modulate carcinogen-metabolising enzymes, for instance the CYP1 family of cytochromes P450 and quinone reductase, both important in the biotransformation of many chemical carcinogens via regulating phase I and phase II enzyme systems. Utilising chemically-activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assay it was revealed that intact glucosinolates, glucoraphanin and glucoerucin, isolated from Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala sabellica and Eruca sativa ripe seeds, respectively, are such antagonists. Both glucosinolates were poor ligands for the Ah receptor; however, they effectively antagonised activation of the receptor by the avid ligand benzo[a]pyrene. Indeed, intact glucosinolate glucoraphanin was a more potent antagonist to the receptor than glucoerucin. It can be concluded that both glucosinolates effectively act as antagonists for the Ah receptor, and this may contribute to their established chemoprevention potency.