• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

Chemical compositions and lead isotope ratios for four glass bead samples of Seokga-tap were analyzed and the results were organized. Among 4 glass beads found in the Seokga-tap, 3 pieces were lead glass. Manufacturing method was to firstly grind pebbles finely and mix lead ore to be melt at $740{\sim}760^{\circ}C$. The mixed ratio of silica and lead was 3:7. Moreover, The evaluation on the lead isotope ratio indicated that two lead glass pieces used lead ore from northern Korea. One piece has the direction of southern Korea lead ore, but it requires a further review. One glass bead of Seokga-tap was brown and it was potash lead glass ($K_2O-PbO-SiO_2$) System. The mixed ratio was approximately 50:10:40 for silica, natural saltpeter, and lead, respectively. Lead isotope ratio data fell within the lead ore from northern China. Therefore, it was concluded that potash lead glass found in the Seokga-tap was produced in northern area of China at the end of $10^{th}$ century and transferred to the Seokga-tap.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

This paper presents investigations on 60 glass beads excavated from floorless tombs of Eunpyeong Newtown site to figure out composition and lead isotope ratio by SEM-EDS and TIMS, which show the difference between their compositions and Pb provenance of lead glass. The results of the composition analysis are that excavated glass are mainly divided into Potash glass($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$) and Potash-lead glass($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$) and the samples excavated from III-3 floorless tombs No.1005 are presumed not glass but Quartz. The transparent 9 lead glasses excavated from II-3 floorless tomb No.101 and III-3 floorless tomb No.908 seem to be manufactured by the same raw material at same site because the concentration of their compositions are well accorded with each other and deviations of them are very limited. As a result of principal component analysis(PCA), glass beads excavated are largely assort to two groups, Potash glass and Potash lead glass as well. That is, glass beads excavated from Eunpyeoung Newtown sites are quite different two types of main composition. In addition, the results of Pb provenance analysis used in lead glass confirm that most lead glass are significantly correlated with galena of northern China.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.113-121
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• 2011

Four glass beads from Hakso-ri site, O'chang were analyzed for thirteen oxides with SEM/EDS and lead isotope ratios with TIMS respectively. These samples were classified to potash glass system($K_2O-CaO-SiO_2$) with HCLA(High CaO, Low $Al_2O_3$). However three samples with above 4% for lead could be classified to potash-lead ($K_2O-PbO-CaO-SiO_2$)glass system and it seemed that coloring agent for greenish blue was Cu. Lead isotope ratio data for four samples did not make a group but scattered to the space respectively. It needs more study for compositions and lead iosotope data of potash-lead glasses with regions and ages.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2016

This study defined material and characteristics of 24 glass fragments and 26 whole glass beads. The feature of glass beads shape are divided into 5 types following color, size, weathering condition and manufacturing techniques. Through the chemical composition, the first and second type is soda glass, the third type is potash glass, the fourth and fifth type is lead barium glass. This site showed the aspect that the chemical composition is changed according to the feature of glass shape and was found that various chemical compositions. Looking at the flow of glass culture, the tomb that are lead barium glass IItype and potash glass I, IItype is relatively preceding period and the tomb that are soda glass and lead barium glass IIItype is following period.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2011

Seven glass beads from Bupwha-ri site, Yeongdong dated Joseon dynasty were analyzed with SEM/EDS and X-ray diffraction methods. Six samples were classified to potash glass system($K_2O-CaO-SiO_2$) with HCA(High CaO and $Al_2O_3$) and high concentration of MgO suggested raw materials to plant ashes. Especially one sample from tomb no. 8 was highly different concentration of $K_2O$ and MgO with others. It was shown that they were different sources of raw materials. Mostly coloring agents of potash glasses were owing to Fe and Cu. One sample was found to lead glass system(PbO-$SiO_2$) with 12% PbO. The content of PbO was differentiated with other lead glasses since we analyzed so far. It needs more study for compositions of lead glasses with regions and ages.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.5-18
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• 2006

Dujeong-dong site of Cheonan is known as the site of Baekje period in the first half of the fourth century. This study investigated the visible properties and the chemical composition of the 18 pieces of the glass found in the site, and considered scientific properties and periodic interrelationship of the glass on the basis of the analysis result. The observation of the visible properties and microstructure of ancient glass was performed with both an electron microscope and an optical microscope, and the chemical composition was conducted by way of both quantitative and qualitative analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS). In the analysis result, various chemical composition systems are identified in the glass beads of Dujeong-dong site, such as lead-barium, soda and potash glass, and also different shapes were found such as gold foil glass beads, tubular beads, and round beads. It is estimated that the classification of glass by means of its chemical composition was also closely related to the color of glass.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.71-88
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• 2023

This paper examined the visible characteristics and chemical composition of glass beads from the Joseon Dynasty as well as the associations thereof. It also explored the characteristics and uses of glass beads by region. This study covered a total of 1,819 pieces excavated from 25 locations in the Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang regions, of which 537 pieces were analyzed for their chemical composition. Glass beads of the Joseon Dynasty take a variety of shapes such as a Round, Coil, Floral, Segmented, Flat, Oval, and Calabash. Colors vary from shades of brown (brown, lemon yellow) and shades of blue (Bluish-Green, greenish-Blue, Purple-Blue) to shades of white (colorless, white) and shades of green (Green, Greenish-Blue, Greenish-Brown). Brown accounts for the largest percentage, followed by Bluish-Green, greenish-Blue. It was identified that Drawing technique was the most common glass bead production technique of the Joseon Dynasty. Potassium oxide (K₂O) was the most common flux agent for glass beads, while the potash glass and mixed alkali glass groups account for the largest quantity. The choice of stabilizers depended on the type of flux agents used, but the most common were calcium oxide (CaO) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The potash glass and potash lead glass groups are high in CaO and low in Al₂O₃, the mixed alkali glass group is high in CaO, and the lead glass group is low in CaO. In terms of the association between color and shape, most of the beads with shade of brown and blue have round shapes of brown and blue have spherical shapes, while the coil shape is prominent in blue beads. A high percentage of green and colorless beads also take the shape of a coil, while white beads in general have a floral shape. In terms of the association between shape and chemical composition, round, floral and segmented shapes account for a high percentage of the potash glass group, while coil and flat shapes are common in the mixed alkali glass group. This paper also analyzed the colorants for each color based on the association between color and chemical composition. Iron (Fe) was used as the colorant for brown and white, and titanium (Ti) and iron were used for light yellow. Purple-Blue was produced by by cobalt (Co), and greenish-Blue, Bluish-Green, green, Greenish-Blue were produced by iron and copper (Cu). Colorless beads had a generally low colorant content.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2022

In this study, investigated the possibility of quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing Korean ancient glasses via Raman Spectroscopy. We subjected four categories of Korean traditional glasses, namely, lead-BaO, lead, potash, and soda glasses (3, 3, 10, and 10 pieces, respectively), to this analytical technique. The results showed significant differences between the stretching and bending Raman vibration regions corresponding to these different Korean ancient glass types. Specifically, the stretching vibration regions corresponding to lead-BaO and lead glasses showed peaks at 1040 and 1000 cm^-1, respectively; the stretching vibration region of normal glass appears at 1100 cm^-1. The bending vibration regions corresponding to potash and soda glass showed Raman peaks at 490 and 560 cm^-1, respectively. Furthermore, the Raman spectra of the lead and lead-BaO glasses showed red shifts, which depended on the amount of PbO present. Thus, our findings highlighted the possibility of quantitatively determining the amount of PbO, a major component of lead glasses, via Raman Spectroscopy.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2019

The material composition of 19 ornaments used for women's hats in the late $19^{th}$ century to $20^{th}$ century, which are kept at National Folk Museum of Korea, was analyzed using SEM-EDS. Sixteen ornaments were composed of $Na_2O$ and PbO, which form adifferent lead glass from those that have been excavated or handed down since ancient times in Korea. The chemical composition analysis has confirmed that two ornaments belong to the mixed alkali glass, while one belongs to the potash glass IIItype. This lead glass is similar in composition to the Japanese craft lead glass that was imported to Joseon during the Japanese colonial era. It is estimated that the lead glass ornaments used in women's hats in the late $19^{th}$ century to $20^{th}$ century were made from raw materials imported from Japan or made from lead glass used for crafts in Japan. This shows that jewelry such as jade and amber, which have been traditionally used in the modern and present ages, have been replaced by craft lead glass imported from Japan.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.5-15
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• 2007

Octagonal green glass bottle with long neck(녹유리장경각병) was found in the tomb of the princess Hwayu who was King Youngjo's daughter by a concubine while the tomb was exhumed and buried in another place around Bucheon City, Gyeonggi-do. This octagonal glass bottle is dark green. It was made in AD 1736-A1795 because it was cngraved an inscription of "건륭년제" the bottom. This glass bottle was taken an X-ray radiography and tested adhesives and restoration materials for the conservation. Loctite 401 was suitable as considering the translucency of the glass bottle, good adhesive property and reversibility of the adhesive so it was chosen. A minute piece of the glass was analyzed the composition and lead isotope ratio. Major chemical composition of the glass bottle consisted of SiO2, K2O, and PbO system and the ratio was 68: 18.5:5.7. Green color of glass bottle was due to Fe2O3 and CuO. When the glass bottle was made, quartz as raw material of silica and K2O as natural saltpeter(KNO3) were utilized. As a result of lead isotope ratio analysis, it was suggested that the galena as raw material of lead for glass making came from the southern part of China. These results are expected to become useful data in background of glass culture and circulation study of old glass.