• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.57-72
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aims to assess the maternal characteristics and changes of body among patients who received Korean medicine postpartum care compared to pre-study. Methods: From January 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019, we included 31 postpartum patients who had body composition analysis at admission and discharge among 34 patients who received postpartum care in ${\square}{\square}$ University Hospital. We used SPSS 21.0 for window to test for statistical significance. Results: The average age, weight, and caesarean section rate increased compared to previous study. The average period of postpartum care has decreased. After postpartum care, abdominal circumference, body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly decreased, but not as much as pre-study. The coefficient of determination was derived to predict the effects of postpartum care and calculated as "$Abdominal\;circumference\;change=2.745+0.593{\times}admission\;period$", "$weight\;change=0.214+0.345{\times}admission\;period$" and "$BMI\;change=0.198+0.120{\times}admission\;period$". Conclusions: Compared to previous study, as the maternal age increased and admission period decreased, the weight loss after childbirth decreased. It is necessary to provide individual treatment through coefficient of determination.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.205-212
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• 2004

Weight change in the postpartum period is a dominant concern of new mothers recently. Postpartum weight retention has important public health implications as well, because retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to longterm obesity and associated health risks. As traditional medical practitioners have managed some problems from postpartum weight retention, use some terms translated in Korean like as postpartumedema, obesity. But those have been not given any discuss objective and with evidences for nomenclature. Now reports review normal postpartum weight loss patterns, as well as risk factors for weight retention, ancient literatures, so practitioners can assist their patients in achieving a healthy postpartum weight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.313-316
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• 2004

Ultrasonographic studies were conducted on eight Murrah buffaloes daily from day 6 postpartum (pp) onwards till day 77 pp to monitor changes in the cervix, uterine horn and ovarian follicular growth and development. The mean size of horn and cervix on day six ($9.07{\pm}0.74$ and $8.58{\pm}0.00cm$) decreased significantly to $4.09{\pm}0.09$ and $3.56{\pm}0.08cm$ by day 27 pp, respectively. Follicles in 50% of the buffaloes ovulated within 24 to 54 days pp and the size of the largest follicle on different days increased to more than 5 mm. The remaining 50 percent of animals ovulated after 65 days postpartum. Large size follicles (>8.5 mm) appeared in six out of eight buffaloes between 10 to 30 days pp and five animals had ovulated during early postpartum period. Waves pattern of follicular growth was observed during early postpartum period. Ovulatory follicles growth rate was more than the anovulatory follicles and increase in size was more as compared to the subordinate follicle. Anovulatory follicles persisted for longer period. Mean size of large follicle was more from day 6 to 41 pp and again from 50 to 65 pp in cyclic animals. Second large follicle were large during early postpartum (18days), thereafter, its size was more in acyclic animals. Small follicles population was less in cyclic animals upto day 50 postpartum. Mean medium size follicle growth pattern did not differ in cyclic and acyclic groups. Large size follicle number was more in cyclic group (5/8) during 14 to 20 days postpartum. Presence of large follicles (>8.5 mm) showed initiation of ovarian activity.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was examine levels of breastfeeding knowledge, attitude and number of breastfeeding problems in early postpartum period and rate of breastfeeding practice at 3 months. Method: The total numbers of the study subjects were 139 mothers at postpartum unit and followed by postpartum 1 week and 3 months. Result: 1. The mean score of knowledge and attitude and problems toward breast feeding scale were 22.83(SD=5.19), 20.99(SD=3.40), and 9.04(SD=3.59) respectively, indicating low to moderate level according to subjects characteristics, breastfeeding knowledge scores were significantly different by age (F=8.00, p<.001), breastfeeding experience (t=3.26, p<.001) and parity(t=2.39, p<.05), but no difference were found in rate of breastfeeding attitude and number of problems. 2. Rate of breastfeeding practice was 46.5% at three months of postpartum and the breastfeeding practice was significantly different by breastfeeding plan period($x^2$=13.33, p<.001) and monthly income ($x^2$= 3.80, p<.05). 3. Further, breastfeeding practice at 3 months was continuously influenced by number of problems of the breast-feeding(OR=.85) and breastfeeding plan period(OR=2.11) at early postpartum period. Conclusion: The findings suggest the necessity of maternal support during postpartum period to provide correct information about rate of breastfeeding knowledge and attitude to teach problem solving skills for any breastfeeding problems in order to increase rate of breastfeeding practice.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2002

While the survival rate of preterm infants and employment rates of mothers with infants have been dramatically increasing, little is known about the impact of maternal employment and having premature infants on maternal health recovery after delivery. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine differences in postpartum health by mother's employment and infant's prematurity over time during the first 3 months postpartum. The study used a longitudinal design and was secondary data analysis from a large study. A convenience sample of 132 mothers was recruited with mothers who had fullterm or preterm infants through the postpartum unit. They were followed up for 3 times (at 1-2 days, 6 weeks, and 3 months) during the first 3 months postpartum period. Level of fatigue and hysical symptoms were indicators for postpartum physical health; Positive affect and negative affect were assessed for postpartum mental health, and role functional status after childbirth was for role performance. Finding indicated that health indicators changed significantly over time but there was no main or interaction effect for maternal employment status. There were main effects of infant's prematurity on positive affect, negative affect, and role functional status (self-care and social and community activities). This study enhanced the understanding of postpartum health of mothers with preterm infants as well as those with fullterm infants during the postpartum period.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 1993

This study was attempted to investigate the processes of regression of the corpus luteum and uterus after parturition in 2∼3 multiparous Korean native goats. The concentrations of LH, prolactin and progesterone in blood plasma of native goats were measured at 5 day intervals from 10 days prepartum to 35 days postpartum. The pregnancy corpus luteum from goats at Days(D) 1, 10, 20 and 30 days of postpartum were examined by light microscopy. Changes in the uterus fo goats were studies by macroscopic and light microscopic observations during the postpartum period. Mean concentrations of plasma LH were low after parturition and the levels of plasma LH were similar during late gestation and throughout the postpartum period. Mean plasma concentrations of prolactin were 0.30 0.06 and 0.38 0.13ng/ml at Day 5 and Day 10 prepartum, respectively, but PRL levels remained slightly high for 5 weeks after kidding. Mean levels of progesterone in plasma were 0.33 0.05ng/ml on Day 1 postpartum(P<0.01). Through light microscopic survey, pregnancy corpora lutea were quite degeneration by day 10 pospartum. Microscopic changes of CL regression consisted of cytoplasmic eosinophilia and vacuolation, and pyknosis and karyorrhexis of the nucleus of luteal cells. Vascular changes were distended at the periphery ofthe CL. From macroscopic measurements of the uterus, the uteri were returned to their initial non-pregnant stage within a period of 21 dyas after parturition. Following partuition the intercaruncular epithelium was reparied by 20 days. The uterine epithelium was partially recovered in the carucle by 30 days postpartum.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.186-193
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was performed to find correlations between Edema Index and Heart Rate Variability(HRV) conducted in early postpartum period. Methods: 17 postpartum women were participated in this study which was conducted with Inbody 720(Biospace Co. Ltd.) and SA-6000(Medicore Co. Ltd.). Edema Index(Extra Cellular Water/Total Body Water) was calculated after body composition analysis and HRV result(TP, VLF, LF, HF, HF norm, LF norm, LF/HF ratio) was analysed within a week after delivery. Results: There was no significant correlations between Edema Index and HRV results in time domain analysis. also Edema Index and TP, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio have no significant correlations in frequency domain analysis. but only VLF data has significance compared with Edema Index. Conclusions: It can be suggested that VLF results analysed by HRV can be useful reference estimating postpartum edema especially occurs in early postpartum period.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.108-120
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• 2009

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the subjective sleep quality of depressed and non-depressed mothers in the late postpartum period and to determine the relationship with their health promoting behaviors, family functioning, parenting stress. Method: A non-probability sample of 128 mothers completed a self-administered questionnaires at 4-6weeks postpartum. The Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to measure mother's experiences of depression symptoms and sleep. Related factors of sleep quality were measured by the Korean Family Functioning Scale, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and Parenting Stress Index. The data was analysed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson's correlation coefficients. Result: The results indicated that the depressed mothers (EPDS$\geq$ 10) had poorer sleep quality than the non-depressed mothers(EPDS < 10), reported shortened sleep duration, and experienced more daytime dysfunctions. Depressed mothers who had no job, did not drink coffee, and were primipara tended to report poorer sleep quality. There were significant correlation between poorer sleep quality and lower health promoting behaviors, higher family intimacy and lower family communication, and higher parenting stress among depressed mothers. Conclusion: Our findings support the view that depressed mothers' experiences of poor sleep are much higher than non-depressed mothers and multi-faced. Nurse professionals should screen for sleep problems in the depressed mothers with a different biopsychosocial and behavioral aspect from the non-depressed mothers in the late postpartum period.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to examine the effect of postpartum exercise on mental health. Mental health comprises a 9 symptom dimension of Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism. Method: A non-equivalent pre-test, post-test control group study was conducted. Fifty-two puerperal women who were admitted to a postpartum ward of a mother-baby clinic in Pusan were recruited; 26 women were assigned to the experimental group and 26 women to the control group. Postpartum exercise was applied to the experimental group from postpartum day 3 for a period of 8 weeks while no exercise program was applied to the control group. Mental health with SCL-90-R was measured before and after exercise. Data was analyzed using mean, $x^2$-test, t-test, and ANOVA by SPSS 10.0. Result: The mental health status in the exercise group did not show a statistically significant decrease when compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: There is no effect of postpartum exercise on women's mental health during the first 8 weeks of the postpartum period. Further studies are needed for randomized clinical trials with a larger sample size.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.139-149
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between variety pregnancy related factors and postpartum BMI change. Methods: Analyzing the BMI of 125 postpartum women in oriental medical hospital of O O university from March, 2008 to May, 2008. Age, pregnancy period. type of delivery, parity, pregravida(PG) BMI, weight and BMI gain during pregnancy, gestational maximum(GMx) BMI were recorded. BMI also checked on each postpartum 7days(P7d), 14days(P14d), 90days(P90d), And we distinguished into Sasang Constitution by QSCC II. Results: The following results were obtained: 1. Age. pregnancy period were not correlated to postpartum BMI change. 2. PG BMI were lower in normal delivery group than caesarean delivery group. 3. PG BMI was lower in primipara group than multipara group. Weight and BMI gain during pregnancy. P90d BMI were lower in multipara group. 4. PG, GMx, P7d, P14d, P90d BMI were significally high in Taeumin. 5. PG BMI were correlated to GMx, P7d, P14d, P90d BMI. 6. Weight and BMI gain during pregnancy were correlated to GMx BMI and P7d, P14d, P90d BMI, BMI loss. Conclusion: This results suggested that weight and BMI gain during pregnancy have the best relationship with postpartum weight change.