• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.207-217
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• 2008

Purpose: To provide Diagnostic Criteria and Severity Evaluation Criteria of postpartum edema mainly complained by women directly after delivery. Methods: We analyzed Edema Index(ECF/TBW) analyzed by Body Composition Analyzer(InBody720) of 103 women directly after delivery who were delivered in Ob & Gy of Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital. Results: Mean value for Edema Index of 103 participants was 0.3527$\pm$0.0102, Minimum was 0.336, Maximum 0.388. From this Mean value and Edema Index distribution of participants, We suggest that we can diagnose more than 0.35 of Edema Index as Postpartum Edema, more than 0.35 and less than 0.36 as postpartum edema grade 1, more than 0.36 and less than 0.37 as grade 2, more than 0.37 as grade 3. Conclusion: This research is the first step for diagnostic criteria of postpartum edema, we suggest that diagnostic criteria of postpartum edema is more than 0.35 of Edema Index score. But this suggestion must be revaluated by additional research.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.186-193
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was performed to find correlations between Edema Index and Heart Rate Variability(HRV) conducted in early postpartum period. Methods: 17 postpartum women were participated in this study which was conducted with Inbody 720(Biospace Co. Ltd.) and SA-6000(Medicore Co. Ltd.). Edema Index(Extra Cellular Water/Total Body Water) was calculated after body composition analysis and HRV result(TP, VLF, LF, HF, HF norm, LF norm, LF/HF ratio) was analysed within a week after delivery. Results: There was no significant correlations between Edema Index and HRV results in time domain analysis. also Edema Index and TP, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio have no significant correlations in frequency domain analysis. but only VLF data has significance compared with Edema Index. Conclusions: It can be suggested that VLF results analysed by HRV can be useful reference estimating postpartum edema especially occurs in early postpartum period.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Objectives: Management of the postpartum period is important for the health of mothers, and postpartum edema is one of the management targets. In this study, the relationship between the value measured by the device and the postpartum edema sensation was examined to explain the subjective sensation of the mother as an objective value. Methods: Data from 54 cases provided by 24 mothers within 6 weeks postpartum were used in the study. The degree of postpartum edema sensation was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS), and the effect of VAS changes on the body edema index and weight change before and after childbirth was estimated through linear regression analysis. Results: As a result of the regression analysis, when the edema sensation of the mothers VAS increased by 1 point, the Inbody edema index increased by 0.002 points (p=0.000, R²=0.272), and when the VAS increased by 1 point, the weight gain increased by 0.99 kg compared to before pregnancy (p=0.000, R²=0.243), and when VAS increased by 1 point, weight loss decreased by 0.56 kg compared to just before childbirth (p=0.004, R²=0.136). Conclusions: The results of this study, in which the edema sensation of postpartum mothers was statistically significantly related to the edema index and weight change before and after childbirth, showed that the edema sensation complained by the mother could be used as an evaluation index for postpartum edema management in the future.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-158
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• 2004

In the wide view as human, males and females can be same. But in pathological view, they have big differences. Compared to that males mostly follow the pathological process according to the paticular abnormal organs. Females could show pathological state totally apart from the abnormal organs when connected to delivery. For example, Postpartum abnormal pain, fever, edema, etc show totally different aspects when regardless of delivery. Here, We'll analyze postpartum edema that generally apppears after delivery from historical books, and find out previous conception of that in the oriental medicine, and summary them to be helpful to the cause, differentiation, and treatment. Result 1. A cause of postpartum edema is a bad blood that originate in poor postpartum care weakness of spleen and stomach and trouble of body flood metabolism. 2. General symptom of postpartum edema is edema of face, eye, arm, leg but postpartum edemas not edema of face, eye, arm, leg but asthma, red lighted skin and difficulty of urine. 3. edema is classified by Gi-Jong, Su-Jong and Hyul-Jong.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 2009

Objectives : In Korea the practice of folk remedies is widely spread. One of the main uses is the utilization of pumpkin in postpartum edema. While this practice is widely propagated no one could exactly define the evidence of its uses. Therefore we aimed to provide literature evidence of correct prescription in postpartum edema. Methods : As the use of pumpkin in postpartum edema is particular to korea, we revised all the medical book published from the 17th century, the time supposed to have been introduced pumpkin in Korean peninsula. We also researched the prescription mainly used in postpartum edema, and the common main herbal component, succium. As pumpkin and succium is homophony to 'Ho bak' in korean it had the possibility of being misinterpreted. Results : On our literature research we found the precautions of pumpkin to provoke gi-stagnatio and dampness obstruction and that it was restricted while the recovery of all kind of diseases as well as in puerperium. The main reason of postpartum edema is caused by blood stasis which when the blood gains its normal circulation, edema is dispersed by itself. For this propose main prescription was Jogyeongsan調經散 type with its main component succium which medical properties are cited in all medical classics consistently. From the literature of "Juchonsinbang" and "Uibanghapbu" we found three different prescriptions, Hobakgo琥珀膏, Hobakgo胡朴膏, and Namgwago南瓜膏 which contents and their medical proposes were equal. Conclusions : By these finding we could refer that the use of pumpkin in postpartum edema was caused by homophonic reasonal misinterpretation of succinum in korean. This research provides the literature evidence to correct pumpkin's misuse and also the necessity of restriction of the use of even most common products for medical proposes and/or at least the importance of being guided by the experts.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.167-175
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to find correlations between Edema Index and Pulse Energy in early postpartum period. Methods: Fiftynine postpartum women were participated in this study which was conducted with Inbody 720 (Biospace Co. Ltd) and 3D Blood Pressure Pulse Analyzer (3D-MAC). Edema Index (Extra Cellular Water/Total Body Water) calculated after body composition analysis and 3D-MAC result (Pulse Energy) were analysed within a week after delivery. Results: The results were as follows 1. Edema Indexes of the upper, lower limbs, trunk and whole body were associated with each other respectively. 2. Edema Indexes and Right Kwan pulse energy had significant positive correlation. 3. Right Kwan pulse energy showed positive correlations with Left Kwan, Right Chon, Right Cheok. Conclusions: Viscera associated with Postpartum Edema are Spleen, Lung, Liver and Vital Gate. The most important thing is thought to be Spleen.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2011

Purpose :To analyze body composition in postpartum women with cold-hypersensitivity, their edema index, skelectal muscle's weight and body fat were measured and analyzed with cold hypersensitive postpartum women compared with those of non-cold hypersensitivity. Methods : We studied 38 postpartum women visiting Gangnam Kyung-Hee Korean Hospital from 1 st October 2010 to 30th september 2011. they were subjected to Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging and those with thermal difference greater than $0.3^{\circ}C$ between anterior forearm and center of hand were diagnosed with cold hypersensitivity. Cold hypersensitivity group were consisted of 11 women, the other were consisted of 26 women. All of them were measured Edema index, skelectal muscle's weight and body fat by Inbody720(body composition scanner). We studied the difference of Body composition factor between two groups and relationship between cold-hypersensitivity, Edema index, skelectal muscle's weight and body fat by Independent Samples T-test and Spearman Correlation. Results : No significant differences were observed in edema index, skelectal muscle's weight and body fat between two groups. Conclusion : There was no significant relationship among the Cold-hypersensitivity and Body composition factor(Edema index, skelectal muscle's weight. body fat). But furthemore large scale study is required.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

Purpose: This study examined the effects of foot-reflexology massage on body weight, lower extremity edema, and serum lipids in postpartum women. Method: This study was a nonequivalent control-group pretest-posttest design. Postpartum women were assigned to the experimental group (n=16) or a control group (n=15). Foot reflexology massage was applied 5 times a week, for a total of 2 weeks to the experimental group. The tool for measuring lower extremity edema was the girth of the thigh, and the calf. The measuring tool for serum lipids was total cholesterol and TG in blood serum by clinical process. Data was analyzed by $x^2$-test, t-test, and paired t-test, ANOVA using SPSS/Win PC 14.0. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in levels of TG in blood serum in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Foot reflexology massage is a useful nursing intervention that decreases serum lipids level in postpartum women. Therefore foot reflexology massage is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for serum lipids reduction in postpartum women.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Omibaekchul-san on postpartum edema in women hospitalized at korean medical postpartum care center in comparison with Saenghwa-tang. Methods : The body composition data was collected from 102 women, who took postpartum care in postpartum care center attached to Won-kwang University Jeonju Korean Medical Hospital, from March 2012 to July 2013. The data was analyzed by Body Composition Analyzer (Inbody 720). Specifically the data was composed of the Extra Cellular Fluid/Total Body Fluid (ECF/TBF), Total Body Water (TBW), Intra Cellular Water (ICW), Extra Cellular Water (ECW), Body Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), and the ECF/TBF of each body parts such as the upperlimb, lowerlimb and trunk. The body composition was measured twice during 2~8.5 days from childbirth and once again after 7~13.5 days from childbirth by Body Composition Analyzer. Results : The Omibaekchul-san -treated group showed a significant decrease of ECF/TBF, ECW, TBF, Body weight, BMI, ECF/TBF of each body parts and increase of WHR in comparison with the data of the Saenghwa-tang-treated group. In two groups, only the change of ICW was unsignificant. Conclusions : Statistically this study suggests that the Omibaekchul-san will help the quality of life of women who are in postpartum edema.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.114-134
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the changes of women's postpartum symptoms, including their weights, edema index and quality of life (QOL) over the first six weeks after childbirth. Methods: The study participants were 31 postpartum women treated in the Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, at Woo-Suk University Korean Medicine Hospital, from May 20th to August 5th, 2016. In the first 2 weeks of the postpartum period, the main data collection method was to interview each patient and write down all of their complaints, and additionally referring to each participant's PHR (Personal Health Records). At the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th week, the researcher interviewed participants by phone once a week. The participants' weight, edema index (ECW/TBW) and the quality of life (by EQ-VAS) were measured at 1st and 2nd week after childbirth. And, EQ-VAS was assessed once more at the 6th week after childbirth. As a last step, the participants responded to a survey on satisfaction regarding their postpartum care with Korean Medicine. Results: 1. In the 1st one week after childbirth, edema was the most frequent complaint. It was about joint pain of the upper limbs in the 2nd and 3rd weeks, sweating in the 4th week, and joint pain of the upper limbs in the 5th and the 6th weeks. 2. In the 1st two weeks of the postpartum period, the weight of the participants decreased from $66.33{\pm}9.30kg$ to $62.60{\pm}8.92kg$ (p<0.001) and the edema index ECW/TBW decreased from $0.399{\pm}0.010$ to $0.385{\pm}0.0 4$ (p<0.001). The EQ-VAS significantly improved from $61.77{\pm}17.72$ to $73.51{\pm}14.67$ (p<0.001). In the last 4-weeks of the postpartum period, the EQ-VAS decreased from $74.30{\pm}14.25$ to $73.63{\pm}13.35$, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.749). 3. Regarding the satisfaction with postpartum care with Korean Medicine, 60% of the participants responded that it was 'Excellent' and 40% said it was 'Good'. Conclusion: Over the entire postpartum period, the most frequent complaints were about musculoskeletal symptoms. Postpartum care with Korean Medicine treatments in the early postpartum period improves various postpartum symptoms and the quality of life for postpartum women.