• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2001

Objectives: Recently, $[methyl-^{11}C]-({\beta}$-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium ($[^{11}C]$choline) Has been discovered to be a very effective tracer in imaging various human tumors using positron omission tomography. Because of the short half-life of C-11, it is very difficult to use in a routine imaging procedure and needs a frequent synthesis of $[^{11}C]$choline. This can be supplemented by the substitution of $[^{11}C]$choline with $[methyl-^{18}F]$fluorocholine. Here, we would like to report ceil uptake and biodistribution of $[^{11}C]$choline and $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine as a basic study. Methods: $[^{11}C]$Choline was prepared by the treatment of $[^{11}C]CH_3I$ with N,N-dimethylaminoethanol and $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine was synthesized from reaction of $CH_2Br[^{18}F]F$ with N,N-dimethylaminoethanol. The radiochemical purity was checked by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The blodistribution of $[^{11}C]$choline and $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine was determined in balb/c mouse at 5 min, 20 min, 40 min and 80 min. The cell uptake was measured using glioma (9L) and colon adenocarcinoma (SW620). Results: The radiochemical purity was more than 98% after purification. In the liver, uptake did not change over time; the uptake was 20%ID/g for $[^{11}C]$choline and 13%ID/g for $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine. In the kidney, radioactivity decreased over time; the uptake was 15%ID/g for $[^{11}C]$choline and 20%ID/g for $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine, 80 min post-injection. The cell uptake of $[^{11}C]$choline was 4.93% for glioma (9L) and 18.69% for colon adenocarcinoma (SW620). For $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine, 1.77% for glioma (9L) and 2.77% for colon adenocarcinoma (SW620). Conclusion: $[^{11}C]$Choline and $[^{18}F]$fluorocholine showed a different cell uptake tendency, depending on cancer cell line.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9487-9494
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• 2014

Background: The size of a hepatic neoplasm is critical for staging, prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment. Our study aimed to compare the radiological size of solid hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the pathological size in a Chinese population, and to elucidate discrepancies. Materials and Methods: A total of 178 consecutive patients diagnosed with HCC who underwent curative hepatic resection after enhanced MRI between July 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively identified and analyzed. Pathological data of the whole removed tumors wereassessed and differences between radiological and pathological tumor size were identified. All patients were restaged using a modified Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system postoperatively according to the maximum diameter alteration. The lesions were classified as hypo-staged, iso-staged or hyper-staged for qualitative assessment. In the quantitative analysis, the relative pre and postoperative tumor size contrast ratio ($%{\Delta}size$) was also computed according to size intervals. In addition, the relationship between radiological and pathological tumor diameter variation and histologic grade was analyzed. Results: Pathological examination showed 85 (47.8%) patients were overestimated, 82 (46.1%) patients underestimated, while accurate measurement by MRI was found in 11 (6.2%) patients. Among the total subjects, 14 (7.9%) patients were hypo-staged and 15 (8.4%) were hyper-staged post-operatively. Accuracy of MRI for calculation and characterized staging was related to the lesion size, ranging from 83.1% to 87.4% (<2cm to ${\geq}5cm$, p=0.328) and from 62.5% to 89.1% (cT1 to cT4, p=0.006), respectively. Overall, MRI misjudged pathological size by 6.0 mm (p=0.588 ), and the greatest difference was observed in tumors <2cm (3.6 mm, $%{\Delta}size=16.9%$, p=0.028). No statistically significant difference was observed for moderately differentiated HCC (5.5mm, p=0.781). However, for well differentiated and poorly differentiated cases, radiographic tumor maximum diameter was significantly larger than the pathological maximum diameter by 3.15 mm and underestimated by 4.51 mm, respectively (p=0.034 and 0.020). Conclusions: A preoperative HCC tumor size measurement using MRI can provide relatively acceptable accuracy but may give rise to discrepancy in tumors in a certain size range or histologic grade. In pathological well differentiated subjects, the pathological tumor size was significantly overestimated, but underestimated in poorly differentiated HCC. The difference between radiological and pathological tumor size was greatest for tumors <2 cm. For some HCC patients, the size difference may have implications for the decision of resection, transplantation, ablation, or arterially directed therapy, and should be considered in staging or selecting the appropriate treatment tactics.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2003

Purpose: To establish the role of stereoactic radiosurgery using a linear accelerator for the treatment of patients with cavernous angloma. Materials and Methods: Between February 1995 and May 1997, 11 patients with cavernous angioma were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery using a linear accelerator. Diagnoses were based on the magnetic resonance imaging in 8 patients, and the histological in 3. The vascular lesions were located on the brainstem (5 cases), cerebellum (2 cases) thalamus (1 case) and cerebrum (3 cases). The clinical presentation at onset included previous intracerebral hemorrhages (9 cases) and seizures (2 cases). All patients were treated with a a linac-based radiosurgery. The median dose of radiation delivered was 16 Gy ranging from 14 to 24 Gy, which was typically proscribed to the 80$\%$ isodose surface (range 50 $\~$ 80$\%$), corresponding to the periphery of the lesion with a single isocenter. Ten patients were followed-up. Results: The median follow-up was 49 months ranging from 8 to 73 months, during which time two patients developed an intracerebral hemorrhage, 1 at 8 months, with the other at 64 months post radiosurgery. One patient developed neurological deficit after radiosurgery, and two developed an edema on the T2 weighted images of the MRI surrounding the radiosurgical target. Conclusion: The use of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of a cavernous angioma may be effective in the prevention of rebleedlng, and can be safely delivered. However, a longer follow-up period will be required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.5 s.250
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• pp.323-334
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• 2005

Background: Gene therapy is a new and promising option for the treatment of severe myocardial ischemia by therapeutic angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to elucidate the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis by using VEGF165 in large animals. Material and Method: Twenty-one pigs that underwent ligation of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF (VEGF) or intramyocardial injection of pCK-Null (Control). Injections were administered 30 days after ligation. Seven pigs died during the trial, but eight pigs from VEGF and six from Control survived. Echo-cardiography was performed on day 0 (preoperative) and on days 30 and 60 following coronary ligation. Gated myocardial single photon emission computed tomography imaging (SPECT) with $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi was performed on days 30 and 60. Myocardial perfusion was assessed from the uptake of $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi at rest. Global and regional myocardial function as well as post-infarction left ventricular remodeling were assessed from segmental wall thickening; left ventricular ejection fraction (EF); end systolic volume (ESV); and end diastolic volume (EDV) using gated SPECT and echocardiography. Myocardium of the ischemic border zone into which pCK plasmid vector had been injected was also sampled to assess micro-capillary density. Result: Micro-capillary density was significantly higher in the VEGF than in Control ($386\pm110/mm^{2}\;vs.\;291\pm127/mm^{2};\;p<0.001$). Segmental perfusion increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 after intramyocardial injection of plasmid vector in VEGF ($48.4\pm15.2\%\;vs.\;53.8\pm19.6\%;\;p<0.001$), while no significant change was observed in the Control ($45.1\pm17.0\%\;vs.\;43.4\pm17.7\%;\;p=0.186$). This resulted in a significant difference in the percentage changes between the two groups ($11.4\pm27.0\%\;increase\;vs.\;2.7\pm19.0\%\;decrease;\;p=0.003$). Segmental wall thickening increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 in both groups; the increments did not differ between groups. ESV measured using echocardiography increased significantly from day 0 to day 30 in VEGF ($22.9\pm9.9\;mL\;vs.\;32.3\pm9.1\;mL;\; p=0.006$) and in Control ($26.3\pm12.0\;mL\;vs.\;36.8\pm9.7\;mL;\;p=0.046$). EF decreased significantly in VEGF ($52.0\pm7.7\%\;vs.\;46.5\pm7.4\%;\;p=0.004$) and in Control ($48.2\pm9.2\%\;vs.\;41.6\pm10.0\%;\;p=0.028$). There was no significant change in EDV. The interval changes (days $30\~60$) of EF, ESV, and EDV did not differ significantly between groups both by gated SPECT and by echocardiography. Conclusion: Intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF165 induced therapeutic angiogenesis and improved myocardial perfusion. However, post-infarction remodeling and global myocardial function were not improved.