• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.207-224
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to identify nurse's recognition and performance and to represent the factors of hindrance in the IV therapy management. The subjects were 420 nurses who worked at five general hospitals in Pusan. Tha data were collected using a questionnaire and the period of data collection was from January 1 to January 31, 1998. The instrument for this study was made by author oneself on the basis of guidelines Simmons et al', CDC' Stanley' and Kurdi' guideline, Cllinical Nurse's Association' that consist of 68 items for 5 fields ; pre-injection, just before-injection, needle-injection, during injection, post-injection field. Cron-bach Alpha coefficient of recognition and performance in the IV therapy management was .93 and .87. The datas were analized by a SPSS program using frequency, percent, paired t-test, t-test and oneway ANOVA. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The mean score of recognition in IV therapy management was significantly higher than that of performance(t=5.86, P<.001). 2. The items of lower than mean score of each fields in performance were the identification of drugs, hands washing, patient teaching about medication, disinfectional methods of the injection site and the rubber stopper in bottle, the use of disposable gloves, mask and eye goggles at the chemotherapy preparation, use of tape and armboard, changing the IV tubing, labeling the dressing over the injection site, observation and recordings of patient's condition after medication and confirmation of the needle length at the needle removal. 3. The factors of hindrance in IV therapy were 'having no time', 'insufficiency of goods', 'unknowing of methods', 'no disadvantage', and 'factors of doctor's doing'. The most important factor was 'have no time', especially item of hands washing. The other factors of hindrance showed high frequency in the following items ; 'insufficiency of goods' in the use of disposable gloves, mask and eye goggles at the chemotherapy preparation, 'unknowing of methods' in the certification of drugs compatibility, 'no disadvantage' in the labeling the dressing over the injection site, and 'factors of doctor's doing' in the changing the subclavian catheter dressing and checking the glucose level during the TPN infusion. In conclusion, there is necessity of educational program which can improve the nurse's knowledge of drugs, disinfection methods, comfort of patient and recordings in IV therapy management and alternative plan which are political and financial aids such as setting up the sink, giving of paper towels and necessary goods in the IV therapy for reducing the factors of hindrance for IV therapy management.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the volume stability depending on the mixing methods and storage time for the conventional alginate and extended-pour alginate. Materials and methods: An arch-shaped metal model was fabricated, and one conventional alginate and two extended-pour alginates were used to take impressions using different mixing methods (hand and automatic). 120 impressions were taken (40 per each alginate) and stone models were made in accordance with the different storage times (immediate, 2 days, 5 days, and 6 days). The models were scanned with a 3D table scanner and dimensional change was measured by superimposing the scan data. Using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), the general linear model and Tukey's post hoc test was conducted for statistical analysis (P<.001). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the dimensional accuracy between two mixing methods, and the volume change was minimum when the stone was poured immediately in all groups. Dimensional accuracy showed a statistically significant difference between groups after 2 days of storage, and extended-pour alginate showed higher accuracy after 5 days of storage comparing to conventional one. Large amounts of volume change were showed at 2 - 5 days for conventional alginate and at 5 - 6 days for extended pour alginate. Conclusion: The mixing method of alginate does not affect volume stability. Although extended-pour alginate has better volume stability than conventional alginate for a long time, it is recommended to pour stone as soon as possible.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.135-153
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• 2015

The aromatic amino acids, which are composed of $\small{L}$-phenylalanine, $\small{L}$-tyrosine and $\small{L}$-tryptophan, are general components of protein synthesis as well as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites. These aromatic amino acids-derived compounds play important roles as ingredients of diverse phenolics including pigments and cell walls, and hormones like auxin and salicylic acid in plants. Moreover, they also serve as the natural products of alkaloids and glucosinolates, which have a high potential to promote human health and nutrition. The biosynthetic pathways of aromatic amino acids share a chorismate, the common intermediate, which is originated from shikimate pathway. Then, tryptophan is synthesized via anthranilate and the other phenylalanine and tyrosine are synthesized via prephenate, as intermediates. This review reports recent studies about all the enzymatic steps involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways and their gene regulation on transcriptional/post-transcriptional levels. Furthermore, results of metabolic engineering are introduced as efforts to improve the production of the aromatic amino acids-derived secondary metabolites in plants.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.2 s.53
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• pp.311-329
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• 1996

This study was designed to compare the level of medical utilization between the urban and rural areas of Korea and to explain the differences between the two regions. Data from the National Health Interview Survey performed by the Korean Institute of Health & Social Affairs in 1992 were used for this study utilizing a sample size of 21,841 people. The level of medical utilization such as the number of physician visits and the number of hospital admissions was compared between the regions with ANOVA. Various determinants for medical use were also compared by univariate analysis. Statistical models which included enabling factors, predisposing factors, need factors and region were constructed for bivariate analysis in order to further elucidate the level of medical utilization. The results were as follows: 1. There was greater medical use, both in terms of physician visits and inpatient care in the rural areas in spite of insufficient health resources. The particular reasons for higher medical utilization in rural areas were attributed to a higher number of initial physician visits as well as a longer the length of stay per hospital admission. Therefore, indicators representing the degree of met need (utilization/need) showed no significant difference between rural and urban areas in spite of the fact that the medical need is larger in rural areas. 2. Use of public health facilities received a significant portion of physician visits in the rural area. The government's effort to enhance primary health care through health centers, health subcenters and the nurse practitioner's post in rural areas has contributed to the increase of access to medical care in the rural areas. 3. There were some differences in the socio-demographic characteristics between two regions ; There were more elderly people over the age of 65: unstable marital status, less education and lower incomes also characterized the rural areas. Therefore, among rural people, there were more predisposing factors for medical use. Additionaly, need factors such as poor self-reported health status and high morbidity level were also high in the rural area. 4. In contrast it was learned that, the supply of health resources was mostly concentrated in the urban areas except for public health facilities. Therefore, geographical access to medical care was lower in the rural area both in terms travel time and travel cost. 5. The coefficient of the region variable was insignificant in the regression model which controlled the supply factor only. However, utilization was significantly higher in urban areas if the model included predisposing factors and need factors in addition to the supply factor. The results were interpreted as rural people have greater medical needs.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Spaced Retrieval Training (SRT) with Errorless learning on the elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)'s memory, Instrumental Activities Daily Living, Depression symptom. Methods: A single subject experimental research with ABA design was conducted in this study on the 78-years-old person who was enrolled in day-care center. The total experimental sessions were 16 which composed of 3 sessions for baseline, 10 sessions for intervention and 3 sessions for second baseline. K-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (K-AVLT) was measured for the memory each session. For the measurement of cognitive function, IADL, depression Symptom, Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K), Philadelphia Geriatric Center Instrumental Activities Daily Living (PGC IADL), Geriatric Depression Scale Korean Version (GDS-K) was measured at pre-post test. Results: Memory at the phase B was improved than Phase A. At the phase B, the scores trend was ascending, but after the intervention at the phase A', the scores trend was descending. The scores of MoCA-K were improved, PGC IADL were maintained, GDS-K were decreased. Conclusion: This results support the evidence of the SRT with EL on the elderly with MCI in the clinical setting. In the future, the correlation researches about MCI's memory and other functional factors will be needed for effective occupational therapy service.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2018

In order to evaluate the precision degree of the blocks on the dock, the shipyards recently started to use the point cloud approaches using the 3D scanners. However, they hesitate to use it due to the limited time, cost, and elaborative effects for the post-works. Although it is somewhat traditional instead, they have still used the electro-optical wave devices which have a characteristic of having less dense point set (usually 1 point per meter) around the contact section of two blocks. This paper tried to expand the usage of point sets. Our approach can estimate the rework time to weld between the Pre-Erected(PE) Block and Erected(ER) block as well as the precision of block construction. In detail, two algorithms were applied to increase the efficiency of estimation process. The first one is K-mean clustering algorithm which is used to separate only the related contact point set from others not related with welding sections. The second one is the Concave hull algorithm which also separates the inner point of the contact section used for the delayed outfitting and stiffeners section, and constructs the concave outline of contact section as the primary objects to estimate the rework time of welding. The main purpose of this paper is that the rework cost for welding is able to be obtained easily and precisely with the defective point set. The point set on the blocks' outline are challenging to get the approximated mathematical curves, owing to the lots of orthogonal parts and lack of number of point. To solve this problems we compared the Radial based function-Multi-Layer(RBF-ML) and Akima interpolation method. Collecting the proposed methods, the paper suggested the noble point matching method for minimizing the rework time of block-welding on the dock, differently the previous approach which had paid the attention of only the degree of accuracy.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2017

Recently in information business, managing and auditing are getting more difficult because of enlargement, intellectualization and convergence. In addition, ordering organizations have been having a difficult time choosing a service because not only there is a huge overlap between information audit system and PMO but also the work boundaries of those two are not clear enough. As the demand that a business managing and auditing frame work need to be more developed in terms of independence, quality, economic feasibility and responsibility has been increased, the Korea Association Of Information Systems Audit has been attempting to improve business management and audit system by proposing Unified Project Management Framework whose process is approximately constructed. This study introduces Unified Project Management Framework which is all-encompassing from the ordering at the very beginning of business to the operating in the post-processing step and then verifies its work scope through a comparative analysis with existing management systems. Also, this thesis examines the necessity of unification of audit system and PMO by analysing existing similar systems. At the end, this study, analyses the suitability of Unified Project Management Framework by evaluating it with IT goal frame of COBIT5 which is constructed based on BSC performance management index. The result of the analysis is expected to help people in charge understanding the features of Unified Project Management Framework before they apply it to practical business.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of neck patterns in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) for neck movement and the neck disability index (NDI) among adults with forward head posture. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. Subjects in the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise group (PNFG, n = 20) received 20 minutes of PNF neck pattern (flexion-Rt. lateral flexion-Rt. rotation followed by extension-Lt. lateral flexion-Lt. rotation) 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. Outcomes were measured using absolute rotation angle (ARA), anterior weight bearing (AWB), range of flexion and extension motions (RFEM), and neck disability index (NDI) methods before and after the 4-week intervention period. Results: There were significant effects for the PNFG, pre- and post-intervention, in ARA, AWB, RFEM, and NDI. There were significant differences in ARA, AWB, RFEM, and NDI compared with CG. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the PNF neck pattern could be beneficial for adults with forward head posture.Purpose: This study investigates how abdominal muscular exercise based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) can affect chronic low back pain patients in terms of their pulmonary function, pain, and functional disability indexes. Methods: Fourteen target subjects with chronic low back were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 7) that performed abdominal muscle exercises and the experimental group (n = 7) that performed PNF abdominal muscular exercises. The exercises were performed five times a week for six weeks. To check the change in pulmonary function, the forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and visible analogue scale (VAS) were measured to check the pain level. The disability level caused by back pain was measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). A paired t-test was applied to compare the differences between the groups before and after the intervention, and an independent t-test was used to compare the differences between the groups. The level of statistical significance was set as ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: Before and after the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant change in FEV1 (p < 0.01), and both the experimental and the control groups showed significant changes in VAS and ODI (p < 0.01). A comparison of the differences between the groups indicated that the experimental group showed more significant changes in FEV1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the study results, PNF abdominal muscular exercise effectively improved pulmonary function, pain, and functional disability indexes in subjects with chronic back pain. The proposed program can be applied to chronic back pain patients as a useful therapy.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2012

Objective : This study was to evaluate the effects of a Neurofeedback(NFB) and Computer Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation(CACR) training to improve on cognition and affected arm function in stroke subjects. Methods : Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: NFB(n=14), CACR(n=14) and control(n=16). All groups received occupational therapy and physical therapy for 5 session 30 minutes per week during 6 weeks. Also NFB and CACR group practiced additional NeuroComp training and RehaCom training for 30 sessions 30 minutes during 6 weeks. Results were evaluated by cognition, affected arm function. Results : There were significantly increased by CACR training that outcomes of MMSE-K(p<.05). And there weren't significantly difference by NFB and CACR training that outcomes of the affected arm function. And a difference between three groups wasn't found. Conclusion : The NFB and CACR training improves cognitive function. These results suggest that NFB and CACR training is feasible and suitable for individuals with stroke.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 2010

Toxoplasma gondii KI-1, a recent new isolate from Korea, shows similar pathogenicity and infectivity to mice compared to the virulent RH strain. To understand characteristics of host immunity, including immune enhancement or suppression, we investigated proliferative responses and phenotypes of spleen cells. In addition, kinetics of IFN-${\gamma}$, a Th1 cytokine, was examined in BALB/c mice up to day 6 post-infection (PI). Intraperitoneal injection of mice with $10^3$ KI-1 tachyzoites induced significant decreases (P < 0.05) in proliferative responses of spleen cells. This occurred at days 2-6 PI even when concanavalin A (con A) was added and when stimulated with KI-1 antigen, suggesting suppression of the immunity. $CD4^+$ T-cells decreased markedly at day 2 PI (P < 0.05), whereas $CD8^+$ T-cells, NK cells, and macrophages did not show significant changes, except a slight, but significant, increase of $CD8^+$ T-cells at day 6 PI. The capacity of splenocytes to produce IFN-${\gamma}$ by con A stimulation dropped significantly at days 2-6 PI. These results demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of KI-1 tachyzoites can induce immunosuppression during the early stage of infection, as revealed by the decrease of $CD4^+$ T-cells and IFN-${\gamma}$.