• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2021

Objective: Temperature could influence protein and amino acid deposition as well as gut microbiota profile and composition. However, the specific effects of ambient temperature on amino acids deposition and gut microbiota composition remain insufficiently understood. Methods: A total of 300 one-day-old Avian broilers were randomly divided into three groups and reared at high, medium, and low temperature (HT, MT, and LT), respectively. Breast muscle and fecal samples were collected for amino acid composition analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Results: Our data showed that compared to the MT group, there was a decrease of muscle leucine and tyrosine (p<0.05), as well as an increase of methionine in the HT group (p<0.05) and a decrease of serine in the LT group. Examination of microbiota shift revealed that at genus level, the relative abundance of Turicibacter and Parabacteroides was increased in the HT group (p<0.05) and that the relative abundances of Pandoraea, Achromobacter, Prevotella, Brevundimonas, and Stenotrophomonas in the LT group were higher than those in the MT group (p<0.05). In addition, there were substantial correlations between microbes and amino acids. In the HT group. Turicibacter was negatively correlated with aspartic acid and tyrosine, whereas Parabacteroides was positively correlated with methionine (p<0.05). In the LT group, there were multiple positive correlations between Achromobacter and arginine, isoleucine or tyrosine; between Prevotella and cysteine or phenylalanine; between Brevundimonas and cysteine; and between Stenotrophomonas and cysteine as well as a negative correlation between Stenotrophomonas and serine. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that amino acid content of breast muscle and intestinal microbiota profile was affected by different ambient temperatures. Under heat exposure, augmented abundance of Parabacteroides was correlated with elevated methionine. Low temperature treatment may affect muscle tyrosine content through the regulation of Achromobacter.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

Cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin and has broad spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephradine is useful for treatment of infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cephradine capsules, Cefradine Yuhan (YuHan Corporation) and Broadcef (Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cephradine release from the two cephradine capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $23.10{\pm}2.90$ years in age and $67.69{\pm}8.04\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cephradine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cephradine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cephradine capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AVC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Cefradine Yuhan were -2.87%, -0.96% and -4.85%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of 1og(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.93){\sim}log(1.02)\;and\;log(0.88){\sim}log(1.13)\;for \;AVC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${\pm}20%$ $(e.g., \;-17.54{\sim}7.78\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Broadcef capsule is bioequivalent to Cefradine Yuhan capsule.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2006

An antagonistic strain, Burkholderia MP-1, showed antimicrobial activity against various filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, yeasts and food borne bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1491 pb) of strain MP-1 exhibited close similarity (99-100%) with other Burkholderia 16S rRNA genes. Isolation of the antibiotic substances from culture broth was fractionated by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) solvent and EtOAc-soluble acidic fraction. The antibiotic substances were purified through a silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Four active substances were identified as phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate methyl ester by gas chromatographic-mass spectrum analysis. The minimum inhibition of concentration (MIC) of each active compound inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested at 250 to $2500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. The antimicrobial activity of crude acidic fraction at 1 mg of dry weight per 6 mm paper disc was more effective than authentic standard mixture (four active substances were mixed with the same ratio as acidic fraction) over a wide range of bacterial test.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2002

Cefadroxil is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The drug has been used for the treatment of the urinary and respiratory tract infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefadroxil capsules, Duricef (Bo Ryung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.) and Hanacef (Korean Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cefadroxil release from the two cefadroxil capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, $21.58{\pm}2.43$ years in age and $70.74{\pm}10.29$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cefadroxil was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefadroxil in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cefadroxil capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Duricef were 0.05%, -5.29% and 4.53%. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.95){\sim}log(1.05)\;and\;log(0.87){\sim}log(1.02)$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${pm}20%$ $(e.g.,\;-6.75{\sim}15.74\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Hanacef capsule is bioequivalent to Duricef capsule.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1644-1651
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• 2014

Transgenic animals have become important tools for the production of therapeutic proteins in the domestic animal. Production efficiencies of transgenic animals by conventional methods as microinjection and retrovirus vector methods are low, and the foreign gene expression levels are also low because of their random integration in the host genome. In this study, we investigated the homologous recombination on the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene locus using a knock-in vector for the ${\beta}$-casein gene locus. We developed the knock-in vector on the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene locus and isolated knock-in fibroblast for nuclear transfer. The knock-in vector consisted of the neomycin resistance gene (neo) as a positive selectable marker gene, diphtheria toxin-A gene as negative selection marker, and 5' arm and 3' arm from the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. The secretion of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was more easily detected in the cell culture media than it was by western blot analysis of cell extract of the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells transfected with EGFP knock-in vector. These results indicated that a knock-in system using ${\beta}$-casein gene induced high expression of transgene by the gene regulatory sequence of endogenous ${\beta}$-casein gene. These fibroblasts may be used to produce transgenic pigs for the production of therapeutic proteins via the mammary glands.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2017

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) encoded by pir families are considered to be the key proteins used by many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system by antigenic variation. This attribute of VSAs is a critical issue in the development of a novel vaccine. In this regard, a population genetic study of vir genes from Plasmodium vivax was performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Eighty-five venous blood samples and 4 of the vir genes, namely vir 27, vir 21, vir 12, and vir 4, were selected for study. The number of segregating sites (S), number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (Hd), DNA diversity (${\pi}$ and ${\Theta}_w$), and Tajima's D test value were conducted. Phylogenetic trees of each gene were constructed. The vir 21 (S=143, H=22, Hd=0.827) was the most genetically diverse gene, and the vir 4 (S=6, H=4, Hd=0.556) was the opposite one. Tajima's D values for vir 27 (1.08530, P>0.1), vir 12 (2.89007, P<0.01), and vir 21 (0.40782, P>0.1) were positive, and that of vir 4 (-1.32162, P>0.1) was negative. All phylogenetic trees showed 2 clades with no particular branching according to the geographical differences and cluster. This study is the first survey on the vir genes in ROK, providing information on the genetic level. The sample sequences from vir 4 showed a clear difference to the Sal-1 reference gene sequence, whereas they were very similar to those from Indian isolates.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2016

This study was conducted to isolate and identify a microorganism that increases tricin-O-(threo-${\beta}$-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE) content in the hulls of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Bacteria from germinated rice were isolated by enrichment cultivation using yeast mold, luria bertani, potato dextrose and mannitol egg york polymyxin broths. The highest increase in TTGE content ($339.30{\mu}g/g$) was achieved by a microorganism isolated by PDA enrichment cultivation. On the basis of 16S RNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated bacterium was identified to have 100% similarity with Burkholderia vietnamiensis. The isolated bacteria were short rods, negative for the Gram stain, and positive for the catalase test. The highest TTGE level was $435.86{\mu}g/g$ in 72-h fermented samples, representing a 2.5x increase compared with the control ($175.65{\mu}g/g$). In conclusion, the bacterium isolated from germinated rice extract was Burkholderia vietnamiensis, and the optimum fermentation period to maximize TTGE levels was 72 h. These findings might help in developing functional materials using rice hulls, a waste product of rice milling.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.12.01-12.10
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• 2022

Background: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are the main cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Argentina, whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and environmental streptococci are the main cause of subclinical mastitis. Bacteria isolated from infected animals show increasing antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci and streptococci isolated from milk with mastitis, and to genotypically characterize the methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci. Methods: Isolation was performed on blood agar and identification was based on biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility was according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The antimicrobial resistance genes, SCCmec type and spa type were detected by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: We isolated a total of 185 staphylococci and 28 streptococci from 148 milk samples. Among the staphylococcal isolates, 154 were identified as CNS and 31 as S. aureus. Among the 154 CNS, 24.6% (n = 38) were resistant to penicillin, 14.9% (n = 23) to erythromycin, 17.5% (n = 27) to clindamycin, 6.5% (n = 10) to cefoxitin and oxacillin. Among the S. aureus isolates, 16.1% (n = 5) were resistant to penicillin, 3.2% (n = 1) to cefoxitin and oxacillin (MRSA). Six MR isolates (5 CNS and 1 MRSA) were positive to the mecA gene, and presented the SCCmec IVa. The MRSA strain presented the sequence type 83 and the spa type 002. Among the 28 streptococcal isolates, 14.3% (n = 4) were resistant to penicillin, 10.7% (n = 3) to erythromycin and 14.3% (n = 4) to clindamycin. Conclusions: The present findings of this study indicate a development of antimicrobial resistance in main bacteria isolated from cows with mastitis in Argentina.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.829-839
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced radial T1-weighted gradient-echo 3-tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for the detection of visceral pleural surface invasion (VPSI). Visceral pleural invasion by non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be classified into two types: PL1 (without VPSI), invasion of the elastic layer of the visceral pleura without reaching the visceral pleural surface, and PL2 (with VPSI), full invasion of the visceral pleura. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three patients with pathologically confirmed VPSI by NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. Multidetector CT and contrast-enhanced 3T MRI with a free-breathing radial three-dimensional fat-suppressed volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) pulse sequence were compared in terms of the length of contact, angle of mass margin, and arch distance-to-maximum tumor diameter ratio. Supplemental evaluation of the tumor-pleura interface (smooth versus irregular) could only be performed with MRI (not discernible on CT). Results: At the tumor-pleura interface, radial VIBE MRI revealed a smooth margin in 20 of 21 patients without VPSI and an irregular margin in 10 of 12 patients with VPSI, yielding an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and F-score for VPSI detection of 91%, 83%, 95%, 91%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. The McNemar test and receiver operating characteristics curve analysis revealed no significant differences between the diagnostic accuracies of CT and MRI for evaluating the contact length, angle of mass margin, or arch distance-to-maximum tumor diameter ratio as predictors of VPSI. Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced radial T1-weighted gradient-echo 3T MRI and CT were equal in terms of the contact length, angle of mass margin, and arch distance-to-maximum tumor diameter ratio. The advantage of MRI is its clear depiction of the tumor-pleura interface margin, facilitating VPSI detection.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.379-383
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• 2012

$TiO_2$ thin films consisting of positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA) and negatively charged titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide(TALH) were successfully fabricated on glass beads by a layer-by-layer(LBL) self-assembly method. The glass beads used here showed a positive charge in an acid range and negative charge in an alkaline range. The glass beads coated with the coating sequence of(PDDA/TALH)n showed a change in the surface morphology as a function of the number of bilayers. When the number of bilayers(n) of the(PDDA/TALH) thin film was 20, Ti element was observed on the surface of the coated glass beads. The thin films coated onto the glass beads had a main peak of the (101) crystal face and were highly crystallized with XRD diffraction peaks of anatase-type $TiO_2$ according to an XRD analysis. In addition, the $TiO_2$ thin films showed photocatalytic properties such that they could decompose a methyl orange solution under illumination with UV light. As the number of bilayers of the(PDDA/TALH) thin film increased, the photocatalytic property of the $TiO_2$-coated glass beads increased with the increase in the thin film thickness. The surface morphologies and optical properties of glass beads coated with $TiO_2$ thin films with different coating numbers were measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and by UV-Vis spectrophotometry(UV-vis).