• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2009

There are several reasons to take X-ray in case of inpatients. Some of them who cannot ambulate or have any risk if move are taken portable X-ray at their wards. Usually, in this case, many other people-patients unneeded X-ray test, family, hospital workers etc-are indirectly exposed to X-ray by scatter ray. For that reason I try to be aware of free space scatter dose accurately and make the point at issue of portable X-ray better in this study. kVp dose meter is used for efficiency management of portable X-ray equipment. Mobile X-ray equipment, ionization chamber, electrometer, solid water phantom are used for measuring of free space scatter dose. First of all the same surroundings condition is made as taken real portable X-ray, inquired amount of X-ray both chest AP and abdomen AP most frequently examined and measured scatter ray distribution of two tests individually changing distance. In the result of measuring horizontal distribution with condition of chest AP it is found that the mAs is decreased as law of distance reverse square but no showed mAs change according to direction. Vertical distribution showed the mAs slightly higher than horizontal distribution but it isnt found out statistical characteristic. In abdomen AP, compare with chest AP, free space scatter dose is as higher as five-hundred times and horizontal, vertical distribution are quite similar to chest AP in result. In portable X-ray test, in order to reduce the secondary exposure by free space scatter dose first, cut down unnecessary portable order the second, set up the specific area at individual ward for the test the third, when moving to a ward for the X-ray test prepare a portable shielding screen. The last, expose about 2m apart from patients if unable to do above three ways.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the propriety of portable digital X-ray Equipment for Emergency Medical Services in Daejon Emergency Medical Center in Korea. The major instruments of this study were Korean Self-Analysis Opinionnaire, Questionnaire contains 35 items which measure emergency medical personal opnions. To take the analysis of data, the total of 92 persons were investigated in Medical Information Center in Daejon Metropolitan City from 2005. 20. April to 2004. 25. May. The data were analyzed by the path analysis SPSS program. First, portable X-RAY equipment is needed to apply it to emergency. Second, it should have small and light structure compared with old equipments and have high voltage generator unit for X-RAY using inverter. Third, it should be able to send the shot data that is digital detector type without film to doctors in emergency center.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2010

This experimental study is carried out one of the General Hospital in Kyungbok providence. Abdomen Phantom being located Anterior-posterior(AP) position on portable bed, and the portable X-ray generating device was placed the phantom at $-90^{\circ}$ direction. The experiment were set 65 kVp, 10 mAs, $10{\times}10\;cm^2$, 100 cm(FOD) for the measurement. Digital proportional counting tube survey meter was used for measuring the space scatter dose. Measurement points of horizontal distribution was set up at $30^{\circ}$ interval by increasing 50 cm radius of upside, downside, left and right. Vertical distribution of measurement points were set up for the vertical plane with a radius of at $30^{\circ}$ intervals with 50cm increments. It is concluded that longer distance from the soure of X-ray significantly decrease radiation dose to the patient and use of the radiation protection device should be applied in clinical practice to reduce dose to the patient.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2006

The existing X-ray generators are either ones which are settled at fixed places or ones which are movable to sick rum. Movable generators can be very useful according to the circumstances of patients, but there remains a restraint that AC220[V] in the hospitals must be provided. When examining a first-aid patient who stays distant from the hospital or when grouping patients caused by disaster, the services of doctors at emergency centers should be very restrictive. Hence, this study developed a portable digital X-ray power supply unit that are utilizable at the accident spot or in a moving ambulance. By using the nit, the information of patients can be transmitted to the emergency center on the spot and thereby doctors can make a correct diagnosis. The properties of the unit are as follows: First, portable batteries(DCl2[V]) are utilized as electric source for the wit. Second PIC16F84A is utilized as control circuit in order to guarantee considerable reliance and to provide various functions. This portable digital X-ray power supply unit is expected to contribute to the emergency medical service system to be more advanced.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the methods to reduce operator's radiation dose when taking intraoral radiographs with portable dental X-ray machines. Materials and Methods: Two kinds of portable dental X-ray machines (DX3000, Dexcowin and Rextar, Posdion) were used. Operator's radiation dose was measured with an 1,800 cc ionization chamber (RadCal Corp.) at the hand level of X-ray tubehead and at the operator's chest and waist levels with and without the backscatter shield. The operator's radiation dose at the hand level was measured with and without lead gloves and with long and short cones. Results: The backscatter shield reduced operator's radiation dose at the hand level of X-ray tubehead to 23 - 32%, the lead gloves to 26 - 31%, and long cone to 48 - 52%. And the backscatter shield reduced operator's radiation dose at the operator's chest and waist levels to 0.1 - 37%. Conclusions: When portable dental X-ray systems are used, it is recommended to select X-ray machine attached with a backscatter shield and a long cone and to wear the lead gloves.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the absorbed dose and to calculate the effective dose for one periapical radiography using the portable and wall type dental X-ray machines. Materials and methods: Thermoluminescent chips were placed at 25 sites throughout the layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent human skull phantom. The man phantom was exposed with the portable and wall type dental X-ray machines. For one periapical radiography taken by portable dental X-ray machine, the exposure setting was 60 kVp, 2 mA and 0.2 seconds, while for one periapical radiography taken by wall type dental X-ray machine, exposure setting was 70 kVp, 8 mA and 0.074 seconds. Absorbed dose measurements were performed and equivalent doses to individual organs were summed using ICRP 103 to calculate effective dose. Results: In the upper anterior periapical radiography using portable dental X-ray machine and in the lower posterior periapical radiography using both machines, the highest absorbed dose was recorded at the mandible body. The effective dose in upper anterior periapical radiography using portable and wall type dental X-ray machines was $4{\mu}Sv$, $2{\mu}Sv$, respectively. In the lower posterior periapical radiography, the effective dose for each portable and wall type dental X-ray machines was $6{\mu}Sv$, $2{\mu}Sv$. Conclusion: It was recommended that the operator use prudently potable dental X-ray machine because that the effective dose in the periapical radiography using wall type dental X-ray machine was lower than that in the periapical radiography using portable dental X-ray machine.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2018

Purpose: In the age of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital volume tomography (DVT), with their outstanding post-processing capabilities, indications for planar radiography for the study of the dentition of ancient Egyptian mummies may easily be overlooked. In this article, the advantages and limitations of different approaches and projections are discussed for planar oral and maxillofacial radiography using portable digital X-ray equipment during archaeological excavations. Furthermore, recommendations are provided regarding projections and sample positioning in this context. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 specimens, including 19 skeletonized mandibles, 14 skeletonized skulls, 18 separate mummified heads, and 4 partially preserved mummies were imaged using portable digital X-ray equipment in the course of archaeological excavations led by the University of Basel in the Valley of the Kings between 2009 and 2012. Images were evaluated by 2 authors with regard to the visibility of diagnostically relevant dental structures using a 4-point grading system(Likert scale). Results: Overall, the visibility of diagnostically relevant dental structures was rated highest by both authors on X-ray images acquired using a dental detector. The tube-shift technique in the lateral projections of mandibular dentition achieved the second-best rating, and lateral projections achieved the third-best rating. Conclusion: Conventional planar digital X-ray imaging, due to its ubiquity, remains an excellent method-and often the only practicable one-for examining the skulls and teeth of ancient Egyptian mummies under field conditions. Radiographic images of excellent diagnostic quality can be obtained, if an appropriate methodology regarding the selected projections and sample placement is followed.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.189-197
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• 2004

The fate of a emergency patient is decided upon the extent of first aid in one hour after accident. Suitable diagnosis and treatment can raise the possibility of patient's life and reduce the recuperation time. We surveys papers which were The Korean Society Of Sports Medicine(1993-2004 yeas 405papers)and The Korean Society Of Emergency Medicine (1990-2004 yeas 797 papers). This paper got the following results through analyses of problems in emergency medical service system and of injures from sports. First, portable X-RAY equipment is needed to apply it to emergency. Second, it should have small and light structure compared with old equipments and have high voltage generator unit for X-RAY using inverter. Third, it should be able to send the shot data that is digital detector type without film to doctors in emergency center.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.420-430
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the absorbed dose and to calculate the effective dose for full-mouth periapical radiography using the portable dental x-ray machine and panoramic radiography Material and Method: Thermoluminescent chips were placed at 25sites throughout the layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent human skull phantom. The man phantom was exposed with the portable dental x-ray machine and panoramic unit. During full-mouth periapical radiography the exposure setting was 60 kVp, 2 mA and 0.15 ~ 0.25 seconds, while during panoramic radiography the selected exposure setting was 72 kVp, 8 mA and 18 seconds. Absorbed dose measurements were obtained and equivalent doses to individual organs were summed using ICRP 103 to calculate of effective dose. Result: In the full-mouth periapical radiography, the highest absorbed dose was recorded at the mandible body follow with submandibular glands and cheek. Using panoramic unit, the highest absorbed dose was parotid glands and the following was back of neck and submandibular glands. The effective dose in full-mouth periapical radiography using portable dental x-ray machine was 46 ${\mu}Sv$. In panoramic radiography, the effective dose was 38 ${\mu}pSv$. Conclusion: It was recommended to panoramic radiography for general check in the head and neck area because that the effect dose in the panoramic radiography was lower than the dose in the full-mouth periapical radiography using portable dental x-ray machine.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 2010

Opened a court in February 10, 2006, a rule of safety management of the diagnosis radiation system was promulgated for safety of the radiation worker, patients and patients' family members. The purpose of this rule is to minimize the risk of being exposed to radiation during the process of handling X-ray. For this reason, we manufactured shielding device of mobile X-ray unit collimator for diminution of skin dose. Shielding device is made to a thickness of Pb 0.375mm. For portable chest radiography, we measured skin dose 50cm from center ray to 200cm at intervals of 20cm by Unfors Xi detector. As a result, a rule of safety management of the diagnosis radiation system has been strengthened. But there are exceptions, such as ER, OR, ICU to this rule. So shielding device could contribute to protect unnecessary radiation exposure and improve nation's health.