• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2001

This paper is the first of companion papers, which investigate port-masking effects on lean misfire limit. Port-masking was applied to commercial SOHC 3-valve and DOHC 4-valve engine by inserting masking plates between manifold and port. To induce various conditions of stratification, six types of masking plates were applied. The masking plates were placed in the upstream of injector to prevent wall wetting and two ports were not separated to permit both fuel and air entering through masked port. The results were compared with those by conventional port throttling. The results show that lean misfire limit mainly depends on masking direction, that is, high lean misfire limit is achieved when the port near the spark plug is masked. The mechanism of stratification by masking is different from axial stratification by port throttling. In this case, the rich mixture entering through masked port plays a very important role in the stratification process.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2011

To expand lean misfire limit and improve combustion stability, the effects of port masking were estimated to secure basic data for applying the mechanism to SI engine instead of asymmetrical port and port throttling devises. For this purpose, various shapes and ratios of masking plates were mounted between port and manifold. The masking effects were evaluated by mixture response test under various load and speed conditions. The results showed that lean misfire limits were expended and fast combustion was observed for all masking shapes and ratios, especially, the effect of diagonal 1/4 masking was remarkable. In conclusion, the port masking method could be easily applied to engine without redesign of port for improving part load performance.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

To secure basic data for intake port design, effects of a port masking on the part load performance were investigated in a 4 valve SI engine. For this purpose, 9 kinds of masking, which have different shapes and masking ratio, are applied to the engine intake system. The characteristics of the performance were estimated through mixture response test at various engine load and speed. The results show that NOx emission, one of indexes for stratification, increases considerably in spite of retarded spark timing due to the stratification which is caused by unequal flow distribution between the two intake ports. The mechanism of stratification by masking is different from axial stratification and the fuel entering through masked port plays a very important role in this stratification process. In conclusion, the port masking method could be easily applied to engine intake system and be very effective for inducing the stratified charging without the change of port design.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2001

This paper is the second of companion papers, which investigate port-masking effects on emission and fuel economy. Port-masking was applied to commercial SOHC 3-valve engine by inserting masking plates between manifold and port. To induce various conditions of stratification, six types of masking plates were applied. In this paper, main interest is focused on the influence of injection timing on emission and fuel economy. Various injection timing was applied to the six cases, under the stoichiometric and lean-limit air-fuel ratio. Under the stoichiometric condition, an explanation about the reason of the change in emission level due to injection timing change is given. It is observed that NOx emission under the LML condition varies significantly when the injection timing changes.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2014

This paper is the first investigation on the effect of flow control methods on the part load performance in a spark ignition engine. For comparison of the methods, two control devices, port throttling and masking, were applied to a conventional engine without any design change of the intake port. Steady flow evaluation shows that steady flow rates per unit opening area and swirl ratio are very low compared with the port throttling and saturated from mid-stage valve lift, however, swirl increases slightly as the lift is higher in case of 1/4 masking control. In the part load performance, the effect of simple port throttling on lean misfire limit expansion is limited and insufficient; on the other hand a masking improves the limit considerably without any port modification for increasing swirl. Also the results show that the intake flow control improves the combustion with following two mechanisms: stratification induced by the combination of the flow pattern and the fuel injection timing attribute to ignition ability and the intensified flow ensure fast burn. In addition fuel consumption reduces under the flow controls and the reduction rate is different according to the operation conditions and control methods. At the Stoichiometric and/or low speed and low load the throttling method is more advantageous; however vice versa at lean and high load condition. Finally, the throttling is more efficient for HC reduction than masking, on the other side the NOx emissions increase under the masking and decrease under the port throttling compared with conventional port scheme.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Vol.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2006

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the code tracking performance of a non-coherent digital delay lock loop (DLL) or coherent DLL while tracking GNSS signal in the presence of signal masking. The masking effect is usually caused by buildings that obscure the signal in either a periodic or random manner. In some cases, ideal masking is used to remove random or periodic interference. Three types of the masked signal are considered - no masking, periodic masking, and random masking of the signal input to the receiver. The mean time to lose lock (MTLL) of the code tracking loop are evaluated, and some numerical result and simulation results are reported. Finally, the steadystate tracking errors on the performance of the tracking loop in interference environment are also presented.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.3108-3113
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• 2008

This paper investigated the behaviors of combustion characteristics at part load condition with various intake charge motions induced by the port masking schemes in the CVVT (Continuously Variable valve Timing) engine. Time resolved in-cylinder and exhaust emissions were measured by the fast response HC and NOx analyzers to examine their formation mechanisms and behavior characteristics. As a result, in-cylinder HC decreased with the advanced intake valve timings but HC at the exhaust port increased due to the worse combustion stabilities. However HC reduction could be achieved by the application of the port maskings with a enhancement of the engine stability. NOx also decreased with early intake timings by internal EGR but increased with the charge motion controls which enhance the combustion behavior.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2014

This paper is the second investigation on the effects of intake flow control methods on the part load performance in a spark ignition engine. In the previous work, two control methods, port throttling and masking, were compared with respect to lean misfire limit, fuel consumption and emissions. In this work, the effects of these two methods on EGR characteristics were studied and simultaneously the differences between EGR and lean combustion as a dilution method were investigated. The results show that EGR limit is expanded up to 23% and 3 ~ 5% improvement in the fuel consumption are achieved around 8 ~ 13% rates by the flow controls comparing with 10% limit and 1.5% reduction around 3% rate of non-control case. The masking method is more effective on the limit expansion than throttling as like as lean misfire limit; however there is no substantial difference in fuel consumptions improvement regardless the control methods except high load condition. Also it is observed that there exist critical EGR rates around which the combustion performance and NOx formation change remarkably and these rates generally coincide with optimum rates for the fuel consumption. In addition, dilution with fresh air is much more advantageous than that of the exhaust gas from the view point of dilution limit and fuel consumption, while utilization of the exhaust gas is more effective on NOx reduction in spite of considerably small dilution compared with the use of fresh air. Finally, the improvement of fuel consumption by massive EGR is highly dependent on the EGR limit at which the engine runs stably, therefore the stratified combustion technique might be a best solution for this purpose.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.815-820
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 자동차용 가솔린엔진에 장착되는 인젝터의 연료공급 특성을 실험적으로 분석하였다. 4홀과 12홀 인젝터의 장착각 변화와 포트 마스킹의 형상변화에 따른 벽유량을 측정하고 분석하였다. 분무가시화 실험을 통하여 분무성장과정과 분사각, 연료미립화 및 분무도달거리를 분석하였다. 벽류측정 실험 결과, 벽유량은 흡기유동과 인젝터 장착각에 큰 영향을 받으며, 인젝터 장착각이 감소할수록 벽유량은 감소하였다. 마스킹의 경우 유동 면적이 감소하여 국소 유속이 증가할때 벽유량 감소에 효과를 보였다. 분무 가시화를 통하여 12홀 인젝터가 압력 변화에 대한 미립화의 강건성 측면에서 우수한 분무특성을 보였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권2_2호
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• pp.327-338
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• 2018

본 연구는 운영레벨에서의Kompsat-5 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) 영상과AIS (Automatic Identification System) 자료를 이용한 선박탐지 모니터링 가능성을 검토하였다. 분석을 위해 신진항 서측연안과 제주항 북측연안에서 수집된 Kompsat-5 SLC 영상과 연안에서 수집된 AIS 자료를 사용하였다. Kompsat-5 영상의 선박탐지를 위해 HVAS (Human Visual Attention System) 알고리즘을 적용하였다. HVAS는 CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate)에 비해 탐지속도와 탐지율 측면에서 뛰어나다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 통합 분석결과 소형선박을 제외하고 Kompsat-5 선박탐지 결과와 AIS는 전반적으로 일치하는 것으로 분석되었다. Kompsat-5 영상에서 탐지되었으나 AIS 자료에서 탐지되지 않은 선박은 육안 판독을 통해 AIS 자료의 부재로 인한 것으로 보인다. 한편 SAR 영상에서도 선박의 기포항적, 육지 masking을 위해 사용된 DEM 파일의 오차(또는 위성궤도 오차), 그리고 고스트 현상에 의한 오탐지가 발생하였다. 향후 SAR 영상 분석 알고리즘 개선과 신뢰성 있는 AIS 자료 확보를 통한 운영레벨에서의 선박탐지 모니터링 기술 개발은 국가해양영토 광역감시망 구축에 크기 기여할 것이다.