• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.50-51
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• 2009

This paper aims to improve survival ratio at ship fires by soot density reduction This study examines soot density and visibility using FDS. And also examines evacuation time by Pathfinder. The FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulator) is a 3 zone model(Field Model) analysis tool and the patherfinder is a useful analysis tool for evacuation. This research examined about evacuation time using the current regulations of the ship's corridor width and exit width first And then studied evacuation time again when ship's structure was changed according to the method that is proposed in this paper. And finally compared the results each other.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.474-479
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the fire safety in tunnels with bi-directional and/or congested unidirectional traffic where there may be people on both sides of the fire. Therefore, the spread and movement of smoke are simulated by Fire Dynamic Simulator code under different ventilation systems, longitudinal, semi-transverse, large port exhaust system. And as quantitative risk index, FED (Fractional Effective Dose) for each ventilation system are calculated and compared by existed code developed previous research.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.507-512
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• 2008

Recently, Busan-Geoje fixed Link Immersed Tunnel and the Tokyo Port Waterway 2 Submarine Tunnel have been constructing. Furthermore it was mentioned to construct an immersed tunnel from Korea to Japan. As a result, it is expected that the demand to use the immersed tunnel will be increased. However, if a fire occurs in the immersed tunnels, it will damage tunnel elements and not save human lives more seriously than normal tunnels on the ground because of the absence of exits as well as closing structure of the immersed tunnels. In fact, the fire accident in the Eurotunnel which connects between France and the Unite Kingdom through the immersed tunnel had occurred twice in 1996 and 2008, and the inner surface of the tunnel got damaged such as concrete popout and structural damage. As a result, not only economic injury but enormous expense to repair and reinforce the tunnel were derived because of the suspension of traffic after the fire happened. Now, from the examining and analyzing study on the fire resistance of immersed tunnels in developed countries and Busan-Geoje fixed Link Immersed Tunnel, we suggest the establishment method of fire resistance to insure the fire safety of immersed tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.393-401
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• 2020

According to the research and investigations performed on Port Facilities for cargo-works of hazardous materials around the Port of Busan, a conclusion was drawn that the manually operating foam tower monitors are ineffective as they are hard to access due to the radiant heat under contingency circumstances such as a fire. Moreover, in some cases, the effective range of Foam Tower Monitors are insufficient to reach docked ships and manifolds where hazardous materials are being unloaded. In addition, Dangerous Goods freights are inadequately and inefficiently stored regardless properties of hazardous substances due to complicated local regulations, and some are equipped with inapplicable facilities for docked ships. Therefore, in order to effectively counteract the contingencies and obtain safety, it would be recommended to install adequate facilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.142-143
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• 2011

As mentioned above, various safety measures are considered and discussed as hijacking of Korean vessels by pirates is increasing. Thus, the standard for ship's facilities has been partially revised and setting up an evacuation shelter on all vessels sailing dangerous zone has been reinforced. This research aims to discuss crew Citadel set up that has to sail long haul. In addition, measures against potential gas flow have to be taken due to recent pirate armed and portable rocket attacks. There is also a possibility of fire outbreak within the vessel due to its nature. Thus, this research assesses the relevant number of crew Citadel theoretically. It will also make a model by estimating the relevant number of shelters in the event of fire outbreak and implement simulation using FDS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.159-160
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• 2019

It would be very important to localize people at risk as soon as possible in order to minimize the damage. Generally the infrastructure should be deployed additionally for indoor positioning system. In this paper, we proposed an indoor localization system for people at risk using the existing fire alarm networks. The system detects the signal of smart devices of people in danger immediately and let the main alarm controller ring all alarms in vessel and display the position. Thus, the proposed system can make the burden much less to deploy additional network and infrastructure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.11a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the risk of chemical product, Styrene Monomer(SM), shipped in a vessel. SM is harmful chemical product which can make injury, explosion and/or fire in a vessel. The understand of SM risk is very important to protect seafarer's body and vessel safety. This research can be expected that the understanding of SM risk by a seafarer's to prevent accidents by SM explosion/fire. In this study we used event tree analysis method using chemical reaction cased by explosion. As a result, we founded various chemical reaction and visualization for explosion path.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.121-139
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• 2005

The case, Papera Traders Co. Ltd. and Others v. Hyundai Merchant Marine Co. Ltd and Another(The Eurasian Dream), was occurred on July, 1998 when the ISM Code became mandatory under SOLAS and from that date it applied to oil tankers, chemical tankers, gas carriers, bulk carriers and cargo high-speed craft of 500 gross tonnage and above. On July 23, 1998, a fire started on the deck of pure car carrier Eurasian Dream while in port at Sharjah. The source of fuel was the stevedores action of pouring petrol or transferring fuel in some way - refueling or pouring into a carburettor. The fire eventually destroyed or damaged the vessels cargo of new and second-hand vehicles and rendered the vessel itself a constructive total loss. Justice Cresswell held that the fire that destroyed or damaged the cargo was due to the unseaworthiness of the vessel they have the burden of proving that the vessel was unseaworthy before and at the beginning of the voyage and that the loss or damage was caused by that unseaworthiness. This case was a dispute between dependent and claimant alleging that the carrier should provide "properly man, equip and supply the ship and keep the ship so manned" under Hague-Visby Rules. Although ISM code was not officially applied to the carriage by car carriers until July 2002, a rule based on the code had customarily been employed as a mean for international dispute resolution. Examining the above case closely, the purpose of this study is to explore the relation of ship management and obligation to exercise due diligence in making the vessel seaworthy.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.112-120
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• 2019

Benzene is a class 4 hazardous material according to the Act on the Safety Control of Hazardous Substances. This study qualitatively evaluated the damage size of a "toxic" accident and "pool fire" accidents based on benzene in a virtual scenario of a fire and leakage accident during unloading at a port facility. The KORA program was used as an evaluation method, which is supported as a universal program by the National Institute of Chemical Safety. The range of damage effects of a benzene-induced fire and leakage accident was predicted. In the case of toxic damage range, the accident's damage effect range for the "worst case scenario" was reduced by up to 5.11% with a decrease in the size of the leakage hole. In the case of the leakage time, the damage effect range increased to 145.12% with a 10 min leakage time compared to that of a 5 min leakage time and went up to 20 min (212.29%) with a 20 min leakage time. In the case of pool-fire-induced damage, the damage effect range by radiant heat in the "worst case scenario" was 228.8 m in radius from the center of the handling facility. In the "alternative scenario," the damage effect range by radiant heat was reduced by up to 8.26% compared to that in the "worst case scenario" since the size of the leakage hole was decreased by reducing the cross-sectional area of the pipe.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.348-355
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• 2007

To grasp a feasibility of back fire control by valve overlap period, back fire limit equivalence ratio was estimated with valve overlap period which has the same supply energy and positive intake pressure as valve overlap period $300^{\circ}\;CA$. As the result, it was shown that the smaller valve overlap period has the higher back fire limit equivalence ratio under valve overlap period $300^{\circ}\;CA$ as well as VOP $0^{\circ}\;CA$. This result means that expansion of back fire equivalence ratio by decreasing valve overlap period was caused by decrease of back flow duration of flame from in-cylinder to intake port than decrease of lower supply energy.