• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.691-698
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• 2010

Magnesium hydroxide-melamine core-shell particles were prepared through the coating of melamine monomer on the surface of magnesium hydroxide in the presence of phosphoric acid. The melamine monomer was dissolved in hot water but recrystallized on the surface of magnesium hydroxide by quenching to room temperature in the presence of phosphoric acid. The core-shell particle was applied to low-density polyethylene/ ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE/EVA) resin by melt-compounding at $180^{\circ}C$ as flame retardant. The effect of magnesium hydroxide and melamine content has been studied on the flame retardancy of the core-shell particles in LDPE/EVA resin according to the preparation process and purity of magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydroxide prepared with sodium hydroxide rather than with ammonia solution revealed higher flame retardancy in core-shell particles with LDPE/EVA resin. At 50 wt% loading of flame retardant, core-shell particles revealed higher flame retardancy compared to that of the exclusive magnesium hydroxide in LDPE/EVA composite, and it was possible to satisfy the V0 grade in the UL-94 vertical test. The synergistic flame retardant effect of magnesium hydroxide and melamine core-shell particles was explained as being due to the endothermic decomposition of magnesium hydroxide and melamine, which was followed by the evolution of water from the magnesium hydroxide and porous char formation due to reactive nitrogen compounds, and carbon dioxide generated from melamine.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 1998

Protein affinity membranes were prepared via coating of chitosan gel on the porous flat and hollow-fiber polysulfone membranes, followed by the immobilization of the reactive dye (Cibacron Blue 3GA) to the chitosan gel. Maximum protein binding capacity of these affinity membranes was about 70 $\mu{g/cm}^2$. Using the affinity flat membrane module, the elution chromatography of human serum albumin (HSA) was performed to determine the optimum condition of eluent buffer. The optimum condition of eluent was the universal buffer solution of 0.06 M concentration containing 1 M KCl at pH 10. For the frontal chromatography of HSA using the flat module, the dynamic protein binding capacity was rapidly decreased from the equilibrium values with increasing flow rate and HSA concentration of the loading solution. However, in the case of hollow-fiber module, the dynamic binding capacity was maintained an equilibrium value without depending on the operating conditions. These results showed that the hollow-fiber module was more effective than the flat module as an affinity chromatography column.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.326-332
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• 2020

In this study, polymer-fluorinated silica composite hollow fiber membranes were fabricated and applied to a membrane contactor for the recovery of methane dissolved in the anaerobic effluent. To prepare the composite membranes, porous hollow fiber substrates were fabricated with Ultem^®, a commercial polyetherimide (PEI). Subsequently, fluorinated silica particles were synthesized and coated on the surface via strong covalent bonding. Due to the high porosity, our membrane showed a CH₄ flux of 8.25 × 10^-5 ㎤ (STP)/㎠·s at the liquid velocity of 0.03 m/s which is much higher that that of commercial polypropylene membrane designed for degassing processes. This is attributed to our membrane's high porosity as well as a superior surface hydrophobicity (120~122°) resulted from the coating with fluorinated silica nanoparticles.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.292-300
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• 2014

Chlorine-resistant sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymer (SPAES)-thin film composite (TFC) membranes for desalination are prepared using monoglyme as a selective solvent, which dissolves SPAES, but should be inert to porous polysulfone layer (e.g., Udel$^{(R)}$). Different from formic acid and diethylene glycol used as other selective solvents, monoglyme is environmentally friendly and has much lower boiling temperature. After a pretreatment of Udel$^{(R)}$ support film in isopropyl alcohol-glycerine mixture to minimize pore penetration leading to fairly reduced water flux, coating of SPAES solution in monoglyme onto the support and stepwise drying processes are conducted for defect-free TFC formation. The transport behavior through SPAES-TFC membranes is observed, correlating with the effects of sulfonation level, protonation, and physical and chemical crosslinking of SPAES selective layers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2012

Mg and its alloys have been of great interest because of their low density of 1.7, 30% lighter than Al, but their wide applications have been limited because of their poor resistances against corrosion and/or abrasion. Corrosion resistance of Mg alloys can be improved by formation of anodic films using anodic oxidation method in aqueous electrolytes. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is one of anodic oxidation methods by which hard anodic films can be formed as a result of micro-arc generation under high electric field. PEO method utilize not only substrate elements but also chemical components in electrolytes to form anodic films on Mg alloys. PEO films formed on AM50 magnesium alloy in an acidic fluozirconate electrolyte were observed to consist of mainly $ZrO_2$ and $MgF_2$. Liu et al reported that PEO coating on AM30 Mg alloy consists of $MgF_2$-rich outer porous layer and an MgO-rich dense inner layer. PEO films prepared on ACM522 Mg die-casting alloy in an aqueous phosphate solution were also reported to be composed of monoclinic $Mg_3(PO_4)_2$. $CeO_2$-incorporated PEO coatings were also reported to be formed on AZ31 Mg alloys in $CeO_2$ particle-containing $Na_2SiO_3$-based electrolytes. Magnesium tin hydroxide ($MgSn(OH)_6$) was also produced on AZ91D alloy by PEO process in stannate-containing electrolyte. Effects of $OH^-$, $F^-$, $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $SiO{_3}^{2-}$ ions and alloying elements of Al and Sn on the formation of PEO films on pure Mg and Mg alloys and their protective properties against corrosion have been investigated in this work. $PO{_4}^{3-}$, $F^-$ and $SiO{_3}^{2-}$ ions were observed to contribute to the formation of PEO films but $OH^-$ ions were found to break down the surface films under high electric field. The effect of pulse current on the formation of PEO films will be also reported.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.231-242
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• 2014

An interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) electrically connects unit cells and separates fuel from oxidant in the adjoining cells. The interconnects can be divided broadly into two categories - ceramic and metallic interconnects. A thin and gastight ceramic layer is deposited onto a porous support, and metallic interconnects are coated with conductive ceramics to improve their surface stability. This paper provides a short review on ceramic materials for SOFC interconnects. After a brief discussion of the key requirements for interconnects, the article describes basic aspects of chromites and titanates with a perovskite structure for ceramic interconnects, followed by the introduction of dual-layer interconnects. Then, the paper presents protective coatings based on spinel-or perovskite-type oxides on metallic interconnects, which are capable of mitigating oxide scale growth and inhibiting Cr evaporation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.198-198
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• 2016

An ideal orthopedic implant should provide an excellent bone-implant connection, less implant loosening and minimum adverse reactions. Commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti alloys have been widely utilized for biomedical applications such as orthopedic and dental implants. However, being bioinert, the integration of such implant in bone was not in good condition to achieve improved osseointegraiton, there have been many efforts to modify the composition and topography of implant surface. These processes are generally classified as physical, chemical, and electrochemical methods. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) as an electrochemical route has been recently utilized to produce this kind of composite coatings. Mg ion plays a key role in bone metabolism, since it influences osteoblast and osteoclast activity. From previous studies, it has been found that Mg ions improve the bone formation on Ti alloys. PEO is a promising technology to produce porous and firmly adherent inorganic Mg containing $TiO_2$($Mg-TiO_2$ ) coatings on Ti surface, and the amount of Mg introduced into the coatings can be optimized by altering the electrolyte composition. In this study, a series of $Mg-TiO_2$ coatings are produced on Ti-6Al-4V ELI dental implant using PEO, with the substitution degree, respectively, at 0, 5, 10 and 20%. Based on the preliminary analysis of the coating structure, composition and morphology, a bone like apatite formation model is used to evaluate the in vitro biological responses at the bone-implant interface. The enhancement of the bone like apatite forming ability arises from $Mg-TiO_2$ surface, which has formed the reduction of the Mg ions. The promising results successfully demonstrate the immense potential of $Mg-TiO_2$ coatings in dental and biomaterials applications.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.462-469
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• 2008

A regenerative evaporative cooler has been fabricated and tested for the evaluation of cooling performance. The regenerative evaporative cooler is a kind of indirect evaporative cooler comprised of multiple pairs of dry and wet channels. The air flowing through the dry channels is cooled without any change in the humidity and at the outlet of the dry channel a part of air is redirected to the wet channel where the evaporative cooling takes place. The regenerative evaporative cooler fabricated in this study consists of the multiple pairs of finned channels in counterflow arrangement. The fins and heat transfer plates were made of aluminum and brazed for good thermal connection. Thin porous layer coating was applied to the internal surface of the wet channel to improve surface wettability. The regenerative evaporative cooler was placed in a climate chamber and tested at various operation condition. The cooling performance is found greatly influenced by the evaporation water flow rate. To improve the cooling performance, the evaporation water flow rate needs to be minimized as far as the even distribution of the evaporation water is secured. At the inlet condition of $32^{\circ}C$ and 50%RH, the outlet temperature was measured at $22^{\circ}C$ which is well below the inlet wet-bulb temperature of $23.7^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.330-334
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• 2014

In this study, the Zn-Mg alloy coatings with various Mg contents were deposited using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering process. Their surface microstructure, chemical composition, phase, and corrosion property were investigated. The microstructure of the Zn-Mg coatings changed from porous microstructure to dense one with increasing Mg contents in the coatings. As Mg contents in coatings increased, intermetallic phases such as $Mg_2Zn_{11}$ and $MgZn_2$ were detected from X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The corrosion resistance of the Zn-Mg alloy coatings was investigated quantitatively using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement with 3.5% NaCl solution. The results of EIS measurement showed that the charge transfer resistance and the phase angle of the Zn-Mg alloy coatings were increased from $162.1{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$ to $558.8{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$ and from about $40^{\circ}$ to $60^{\circ}$ with increasing Mg contents from 5.1 wt.% to 15.5 wt.% in the coatings. These results demonstrate that the Zn-Mg coatings with increasing Mg contents showed an enhanced corrosion resistance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2019

Fat reduction in the formulation of cheese emulsion causes problems in its flowability and functional characteristics during spray-dried cheese powder production. In order to eliminate these problems, the potential of using microparticulated whey protein (MWP) in cheese emulsions was examined in this study. Reduced-fat white-brined cheese emulsions (RF) with different dry-matters (DM) (15%, 20%, and 25% excluding emulsifying salt) were produced using various MWP concentrations (0%-20% based on cheese DM of emulsion). Their key characteristics were compared to full-fat cheese emulsion (FF). MWP addition had no influence on prevention of the phase separation observed in the instable group (RF 15). The most notable effect of using MWP was a reduction in apparent viscosity of RF which significantly increased by fat reduction. Moreover, increasing the amount of MWP led to a decrease in the values of consistency index and an increase in the values of flow behavior index. On the other hand, using high amounts of MWP made the emulsion more liquid-like compared to full-fat counterpart. MWP utilization also resulted in similar lightness and yellowness parameters in RF as their full-fat counterparts. MWP in RF increased glossiness and flowability scores, while decreased mouth coating scores in sensory analyses. Fat reduction caused a more compact network, while a porous structure similar to FF was observed with MWP addition to RF. In conclusion, MWP showed a good potential for formulation of reduced-fat cheese emulsions with rheological and sensorial characteristics suitable to be used as the feeding liquid in the spray drying process.