• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 2010

This bio-acoustic study was aimed at classifying the different porcine wasting diseases through sound analysis with emphasis given to differences in the acoustic footprints of coughs in porcine circo virus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) - infected pigs from a normal cough. A total of 36 pigs (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Duroc) with average weight ranging between 25-30 kg were studied, and blood samples of the suspected infected pigs were collected and subjected to serological analysis to determine PCV2, PRRS and MH. Sounds emitted by coughing pigs were recorded individually for 30 minutes depending on cough attacks by a digital camcorder placed within a meter distance from the animal. Recorded signals were digitalized in a PC using the Cool Edit Program, classified through labeling method, and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. Input features after classification showed that normal cough had the highest pitch level compared to other infectious diseases (p<0.002) but not statistically different from PRRS and MH. PCV2 differed statistically (p<0.002) from the normal cough and PRRS but not from MH. MH had the highest intensity and all coughs differed statistically from each other (p<0.0001). PCV2 was statistically different from others (p<0.0001) in formants 1, 2, 3 and 4. There was no statistical difference in duration between different porcine diseases and the normal cough (p>0.6863). Mechanisms of cough sound creation in the airway could be used to explain these observed acoustic differences and these findings indicated that the existence of acoustically different cough patterns depend on causes or the animals' respiratory system conditions. Conclusively, differences in the status of lungs results in different cough sounds. Finally, this study could be useful in supporting an early detection method based on the on-line cough counter algorithm for the initial diagnosis of sick animals in breeding farms.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2011

Currently, various diseases reside in Korean swine farms and affect production performance of the farms greatly. These damages from disease are further aggravated by the concurrent infection of other disease. In this study, y investigating the distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Salmonella spp. in farms, correlation between the damage and the prevalence of disease was analyzed. Ten selected Korean swine farms that uses PCV2 vaccine were tested for presence of antibody and antigen of PRRSV, PCV2, Salmonella spp. per ages of pigs, 4weeks, 7weeks, 11weeks and 17weeks, respectively. The results were analyzed by dividing the farms in to groups with MSY above 19, and that with MSY below 19. Then calculating the distribution of disease each ages of pigs. Farms with MSY below 19 showed high prevalence of disease by PRRSV, PCV2 and Salmonella spp.. In this group, the detection rate of PCV2 and Salmonella spp. was increased by the activation/viremia of PRRSV in the young ages of pigs. The results are proved that the correlation between disease prevalence and production performance in Korean swine farms were very significant. The prevalence of PRRSV is more important index which influence to the productivity in current prevalence of diseases.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the presence of recognized abortifacient viruses from aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive failure in sows by PCR. A total of 219 samples of aborted fetuses or stillborn piglets, submitted to the School of Veterinary Medicine of Kangwon National University between 2006 and 2009 May, were collected from 5 provinces in Korea. Abortifacient virus infections were detected in 82 (37.4%) out of 219 aborted fetuses or stillborn piglets as well as on 39 (40.2%) out of 97 pig farms. The major viral infections were porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Aujesky's disease virus (ADV) for which 46 (21%), 19 (8.6%) and 16 (7.3%) were positive, respectively, with 9 fetuses had complicated infection of PCV2+PRRSV or ADV or both. And 8 (3.6%) for SIV, 3 (1.3%) for PPV and 1 (0.4%) for JEV were positive as minor viral infection. The results suggest that PCV2, PRRSV, ADV is apparently the most important viral infectious agents associated with fetal infection leading to abortion or stillbirth in Korea. SIV, PPV and JEV might have a minor impact on reproductive disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1354-1361
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• 2015

The complement system is a part of the natural immune regulation mechanism against invading pathogens. Complement activation from three different pathways (classical, lectin, and alternative) leads to the formation of C5-convertase, an enzyme for cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b, followed by C6, C7, C8, and C9 in membrane attack complex. The C9 is the last complement component of the terminal lytic pathway, which plays an important role in lysis of the target cells depending on its self-polymerization to form transmembrane channels. To address the association of C9 with traits related to disease resistance, the complete porcine C9 cDNA was comparatively sequenced to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pigs of the breeds Hampshire (HS), Duroc (DU), Berlin miniature pig (BMP), German Landrace (LR), Pietrain (PIE), and Muong Khuong (Vietnamese potbelly pig). Genotyping was performed in 417 $F_2$ animals of a resource population (DUMI: $DU{\times}BMP$) that were vaccinated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Aujeszky diseases virus and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus at 6, 14 and 16 weeks of age, respectively. Two SNPs were detected within the third exon. One of them has an amino acid substitution. The European porcine breeds (LR and PIE) show higher allele frequency of these SNPs than Vietnamese porcine breed (MK). Association of the substitution SNP with hemolytic complement activity indicated statistically significant differences between genotypes in the classical pathway but not in the alternative pathway. The interactions between eight time points of measurement of complement activity before and after vaccinations and genotypes were significantly different. The difference in hemolytic complement activity in the both pathways depends on genotype, kind of vaccine, age and the interaction to the other complement components. These results promote the porcine C9 (pC9) as a candidate gene to improve general animal health in the future.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate association with gross lesions and causative pathogens of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), Pasteurella multocida (PM), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Haemophilus parasuis (HP) in slaughtered pigs. A total of 1,200 lung samples were collected randomly from slaughtered pigs in Korea during August of 2010 through July of 2011. The gross lesions were classified according to the six stages (0, 1~10, 11~20, 21~30, 31~40 and ${\geq}41$, unit=%) and 48 samples from each stage were selected to detect viral and bacterial pathogens. The results according to the six stages were 100 (8.3%), 259 (21.6%), 326 (27.2%), 213 (17.8%), 144 (12.0%) and 158 (13.2%) cases, respectively. Prevalence of pneumonia according to season was 87.0~96.7% and the highest prevalence was in spring. In detection of pathogens by PCR, 53 samples were not detected any causative pathogens of PRDC. PCV2, PRRSV, SIV, MH, PM, APP serotype 2, APP serotype 5 and HP were positive in 45.5%, 12.5%, 10.4%, 60.1%, 1.7%, 13.9%, 12.2% and 15.6%, respectively. In co-infection, PCV2-MH was the most detected causative pathogens of PRDC. The detection rate of PCV2 and PRRSV was the highest in spring, of SIV, MH and HP was in winter. The detection rate of APP-2 and APP-5 had no seasonal prevalence. The more severe gross lesions increased, the higher the detection rate showed.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2004

As all other intensively farmed domestic species, most mortality in ostriches is closely to rearing conditions. While ostriches is also highly sensitive to stress, species-specific infectious disease play only a minor role. But investigation of ostrich's disease is not peformed almost in Korea. The study was performed to investigate the titers of antibody for Newcastle disease(ND), Infectious bronchitis(IB), Egg drop syndrome '76(EDS), Avian influenza(AI), salmonellosis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection(MG), Mycoplasma synoviae infection(MS), Infectious bursal disease(IBD), Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Japanese encephalitis(JE), Porcine parvovirus infection, Encephalomyocarditis and Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The results obtained in the 62 ostrich sera slaughtered in Gyeongbuk province were summarized as follows: The average of antibody positive rates to ND, IB, EDS, AI(H9Nl), JE, Porcine parvovirus infection and Encephalomyocarditis by HI test were $75.8\%,\;100\%,\;0\%,\;0\%,\;51.6\%,\;50\%\;and\;56.5\%$ respectively. The antibody positive rates to salmonellosis, MG, MS by plate agglutination test were $12.9\%,\;25.8\%,\;and\;0\%$ respectively. Antibodies to disease agent such as IBD and AI by agar gel precipitation(AGP) test, Brucellosis by tube agglutination, toxoplasmosis by latex agglutination test and PRRS by IFA were all negative.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

The present studies was to seroepidemiological investigation with the related pneumonia due to a combination of both viral and bacterial agents. In selected herd in Jeonbuk-Iksan area of swine farms in 2006. The seroprevalence of antibody titers of PRRS, PCV-2 and mycoplasmal pneumonia were 87.2%, 69.8% and 47.4%, respectively. High seroprevalence of antibody in sow indicate that the infected sow major source of the diseases, and play an important role in circulation between production stage.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.751-755
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• 1998

Among 2,373 slaughtered pigs examined for one year(March 1995 to February 1996), 1,899 pigs had visible pulmonary lesions. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion was examined by pathological techniques according to rearing and health managements of pig farms. The results were as follows : 1. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in all-in/all-out flow farms(71.9%) was lower than that in continous flow farms(85.2%). 2. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in non-infected farms with Aujeszky's disease virus and/or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(74.4%) was lower than that in infected farms(85.5%). 3. During winter, prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in farms with cold-control facilities(83.2%) was lower than that in farms with poor cold-control facilities.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.14
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• 2023

Background: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are commonly used to assess in vitro immune responses. However, PBMC isolation is a time-consuming procedure, introduces technical variability, and requires a relatively large volume of blood. By contrast, whole blood assay (WBA) is faster, cheaper, maintains more physiological conditions, and requires less sample volume, laboratory training, and equipment. Objectives: Herein, this study aimed to develop a porcine WBA for in vitro evaluation of immune responses. Methods: Heparinized whole blood (WB) was diluted (non-diluted, 1/2, 1/8, and 1/16) in RPMI-1640 media, followed by phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. After 24 h, cells were stained for interferon (IFN)-γ secreting T-cells followed by flow cytometry, and the supernatant was analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, diluted WB was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), reference strain KCTC3557 (RS), field isolate (FI), of heat-killed (HK) Streptococcus suis, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Results: The frequency of IFN-γ⁺CD3⁺ T-cells and concentration of TNF-α in the supernatant of WB increased with increasing dilution factor and were optimal at 1/8. WB TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine levels increased significantly following stimulation with LPS or poly I:C. Further, FI and RS induced IL-10 production in WB. Additionally, PRRSV strains increased the frequency of IFN-γ⁺ CD4^-CD8⁺ cells, and IFN-γ was non-significantly induced in the supernatant of re-stimulated samples. Conclusions: We propose that the WBA is a rapid, reliable, and simple method to evaluate immune responses and WB should be diluted to trigger immune cells.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2004

Total 160 head of porcine kidneys were examined for gross and histopathological lesions and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira species and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Grossly, 137 kidneys (85.6%) had lesions characterized by the presence of the scattered white foci. Microscopically, multifocal interstitial nephritis, which classified into 4 grades such as, no lesion (Score 0), mild lesion (Score 1), moderate lesion (Score 2) and severe chronic lesion (Score 3) with fibrosis, was observed in 159 cases (99.4%). The histopathologic mean score for multifocal interstitial nephritis was significantly different (P<0.05) between the cases of PCV-2 single infection and the cases of co-infection with PCV-2 and PPV. According to PCR evaluation, PCV-2 were detected in 73.8% (118 cases), PPV were in 66.9% (107 cases), however Leptospira spp. and PRRSV were negative in all kidneys. Both PCV-2 and PPV were detected in 52.5% (84 cases). In 84 cases co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV, the occurrence of lymphoid follicle and vasculitis were observed as 65.5% (55 cases) and 26.2% (22 cases), respectively. These results revealed that PCV-2 and PPV were major infectious agents for interstitial nephritis in slaughtered pigs, Jeju. And the histopathologic lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis were more severe in the case co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV.