• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2001

A serological survey was performed to establish basic data for the prevalence of antibodies to some major diseases of domesticated boar serum samples from January to December 2000. Sera collected in breeding farms in Gyeongbuk province were tested for Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), Porcine parvovirus(PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Bordetella bronchiseptica(B bronchiseptica), Mycoplasma ; APP), Toxoplasma, and Brucella. There was no antibody to ADV in domesticated boars serum samples detected by Anti-ADV-gpI assay kit. Sero-positive samples to PRRS by IFA were 0.9%(3/330) The HI titers to PPV ranged variously from less than 10 to over 1,280. Two hundred ninety-four out of 330 tested sera showed HI titer of less than 10. In HI test to JEV, 90.3% of the sera (298/330) were below 10. The majority of the serum samples had low prevalence of the antibody B bronchiseptica. ELISA titers to M hyopneumoniae ranged variously from $\leq$ 10 to $\geq$ 1,280. Antibody titers to A pleuropneumoniae type 2(APP2) and type 5(APP5) were 58.2% and 52.7%, respectively, and the tested samples showing ELISA antibody titers of less than 20. There was no significant geographical difference between APP2 and APP5 in this study. In the antibody test of Toxoplasma, 11.5%(38/330) were positive and samples were all negative in sera test of Brucella.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.36.1-36.9
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• 2020

Background: Pseudorabies, also known as Aujeszky's disease, is caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and has been recognized as a critical disease affecting the pig industry and a wide range of animals around the world, resulting in great economic losses each year. Shandong province, one of the most vital food animal-breeding regions in China, has a very dense pig population, within which pseudorabies infections were detected in recent years. The data, however, on PRV epidemiology and coinfection rates of PRV with other major swine diseases is sparse. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the PRV epidemiology in Shandong and analyze the current control measures. Methods: In this study, a total number of 16,457 serum samples and 1,638 tissue samples, which were collected from 362 intensive pig farms (≥ 300 sows/farm) covered all cities in Shandong, were tested by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Overall, 52.7% and 91.5% of the serum samples were positive for PRV-gE and -gB, respectively, based on ELISA results. In addition, 15.7% of the tissue samples were PCR positive for PRV. The coinfection rates of PRV with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and classical swine fever virus were measured; coinfection with PCV2 was 35.0%, higher than those of the other two viruses. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were observed in various tissues during histopathological examination. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the PRV prevalence and its coinfection rates in Shandong province and indicate that pseudorabies is endemic in pig farms in this region. This study provides epidemiological data that can be useful in the prevention and control of pseudorabies in Shandong, China.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.173-186
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to investigate the tendency of incident diseases in pre- and post- weaning piglets which ages were 1 to 7 weeks old by laboratory diagnosis and in order to minimize death in preweaning piglets and of stunted growth in postweaning piglets. The result of this experiment used as the basic data for the preventive programs in pre- and post- weaning piglets and were as follows: 23 different diseases diagnosed in 331 cases were studied in relation to age, season, and etiology. The most prevelent diseases of pre- and post- weaning piglet were Colibacillosis(79 case, 23.9%) and the major diseases were Salmonellosis(44 cases, 13.3%), Anemia(37 cases, 11.2%). Unknown viral disease(20 case, 6.1%), Rota viral infection(19 case, 5.8%), Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome(PRRS; 15 case 4.5%), Transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE; 12 case, 3.6%). The gastrointestinal disease, such as Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Swine dysentery, Clostridial infection, Rotaviral infection, TGE, Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) and Ballantidiosis occured pro- dominently in the period of pre- and post- weaning, which were 178 cases(53.8%) and not related to occurrence according to age and season. The respiratory diseases were Atrophic rhinitis(AR), Swine enzootic pneumonia, Pneumonic pasteurellosis, Pleuropneumonia, Branchopneumonia, PRRS and which were 48 cases(14.5%) and higher prevalent in spring and summer. The viral diseases was 73 cases(22.1%) that occurred in the period of 5 weeks piglet and prevalent mainly in spring. The bacterial diseases were 188 cases(56.8%) that were not related to occurrence according to age and season. Salmonellosis was prevalent in 3 to 5 weeks piglet and mainly occurred in summer. Viral septicemia and rotaviral infection occurred after 5 weeks piglets intensively and 3 to 5 weeks, respectively. And the both occurred without relation with season. PRRS occurred after 4 weeks piglet and prevalent in summer. TGE occurred 1 to 7 days old piglets and prevalent in spring and winter. Hematologic values of anemia was decrease in number of Red Blood Cell, concentration of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit. Amikacin, cephalothin, colistin, norfloxacin were effective to E coli, and amikacin, cephalothin, nortloxacin, neomycin were effective to Salmonellra spp. but clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin, sulfonamides were resistant to E coli and Salmonella spp.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.39.18-39.18
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• 2021

Background: Interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) is a type II cytokine receptor that clings to interleukins IL-28A, IL29B, and IL-29 referred to as type III IFNs (IFN-λs). IFN-λs act through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to exert antiviral effects related to preventing and curing an infection. Although the immune function of IFN-λs in virus invasion has been described, the molecular mechanism of IFNLR1 in that process is unclear. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of IFNLR1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Methods: The effects of IFNLR1 on the proliferation of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during PRRSV infection were investigated using interference and overexpression methods. Results: In this study, the expressions of the IFNLR1 gene in the liver, large intestine, small intestine, kidney, and lung tissues of Dapulian pigs were significantly higher than those in Landrace pigs. It was determined that porcine IFNLR1 overexpression suppresses PRRSV replication. The qRT-PCR results revealed that overexpression of IFNLR1 upregulated antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. IFNLR1 overexpression inhibits the proliferation of PAMs and upregulation of p-STAT1. By contrast, knockdown of IFNLR1 expression promotes PAMs proliferation. The G0/G1 phase proportion in IFNLR1-overexpressing cells increased, and the opposite change was observed in IFNLR1-underexpressing cells. After inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, the G2/M phase proportion in the IFNLR1-overexpressing cells showed a significant increasing trend. In conclusion, overexpression of IFNLR1 induces activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of PAMs infected with PRRSV. Conclusion: Expression of the IFNLR1 gene has an important regulatory role in PRRSV-infected PAMs, indicating it has potential as a molecular target in developing a new strategy for the treatment of PRRSV.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

In the present study, fast and robust methods for the next generation sequencing (NGS) were developed for analysis of PRRSV full genome sequences, which is a positive sensed RNA virus with a high degree of genetic variability among isolates. Two strains of PRRSVs (VR2332 and VR2332-R) which have been maintained in our laboratory were used to validate our methods and to compare with the sequence registered in GenBank (GenBank accession no. EF536003). The results suggested that both of strains had 100% coverage with the reference; the VR2332 had the coverage depth from minimum 3 to maximum 23,012, for the VR2332-R from minimum 3 to maximum 41,348, and 22,712 as an average depth. Genomic data produced from the massive sequencing capacities of the NGS have enabled the study of PRRSV at an unprecedented rate and details. Unlike conventional sequence methods which require the knowledge of conserved regions, the NGS allows de novo assembly of the full viral genomes. Therefore, our results suggested that these methods using the NGS massively facilitate the generation of more full genome PRRSV sequences locally as well as nationally in regard of saving time and cost.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.294-300
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• 1999

In this study PRRSV was isolated from serum of an infected pig and designated as CNV-1, ORF4 gene was sequenced, and the nucleotide sequence, deduced amino acid sequence and the amino acid sequence of the neutralizing domain was compared with other PRRSV Strains. ORF4 gene of the Korean isolate PRRSV CNV-1 was shown to be 537bp in length, which is the same as US strain ISU55 but 21bp longer than another US strain MN1b, and 15bp shorter than European strain LV. The homologies of the nucleotide sequences between the Korean isolate CNV-1 and the US strains ISU55, MN1b and European strain LV were 91.8%, 88.1%, 67.6%, respectively, and the homologies of the deduced amino acid sequences were 94.4%, 84.4%, 68.5%, respectively. The neutralizing domain of the CNV-1 was shown to be 36 amino acids in length which is the same as ISU55, MN1b, but 4 amino acids shorter than that of the neutralizing domain reported in LV. The homologies of the amino acid sequences of the neutralizing domain between the Korean isolate CNV-1 and the US strains ISU55, MN1b and European strain LV were 92.5%, 85%, 57.5%, respectively. The molecular characteristics of ORF4 gene of the Korean isolate PRRSV CNV-1 shown in this study suggests that the CNV-1 is genetically closer to the US strains. Also the wide variation of the neutralizing domain between the CNV-1 and LV suggests that there is substantial immunogenic variation between the two strains.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

In livestock industry, damage caused by the epidemic diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Highly-Pathogenic-Avian-Influenza (HPAI) and Porcine-Reproductive-and-Respiratory-Syndrome (PRRS) was very serious. The financial loss incurred from FMD alone which occurred on Nov. 2011 in Korea was estimated at 3 billion won, 23 % of annual livestock industry production. The livestock industry in Korea has greater risk of disease infection because of high density production, etc. Investigating the spread of livestock diseases should consider both direct and indirect contact as well as other various factors including airborne. Airborne infection of livestock disease was first hypothesised in the early 1900s, however, field experimental studies are still limited. Furthermore, no protocol is available in detecting airborne viruses in the field. In this study, effective virus samplers were investigated by comparative analysis of the type of samplers used detect to airborne virus. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare virus samplers such as Bio-sampler, Dust-sampler, Compact-Cascade-Impactor (CCI) and Microflow in detecting PRRSV. Samples were analyzed by Reverse-Transcription PCR to assess the efficiency of the instrument in detecting the airborne virus. First, samples were classified into five levels according to light intensity of gel images and then the classified results were normalized. In every case, Bio-sampler and Dust-sampler were comparable with each other and have shown to be more effective than CCI and Microflow samplers.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2014

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes major economic losses to the Korean pig industry. ELISA tests using recombinant nucleocapsid protein of PRRSV have been most commonly used for PRRS diagnostics. In the current study, two commercial PRRSV ELISA kits (Bionote PRRSV Antibody ELISA and IDEXX 3XR PRRS Antibody ELISA) have been compared using sera collected from 19 swine farms in various stages of PRRSV infection confirmed by professional diagnostic centers. Thus 130 sera collected from 5 different farms with active PRRSV infection, 130 sera from 6 different farms with PRRS-stabilized status, and 140 sera from 8 different farms with PRRS-free status were evaluated to determine the correlation of test results between those ELISA kits. Both ELISA kits showed a good correlation [PRRSV-positive farms ($R^2$=0.6375) and stabilized farms ($R^2$=0.8928)] in sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio va lues. Among the 140 sera from negative farms, one sample was falsely positive by either of the ELISA kits. In conclusion, both of the ELISA kits showed a good correlation when applied on field samples collected from farms at various stages of PRRSV infection. Bionote ELISA or IDEXX ELISA gave a false positive result on 1 out of 140 negative samples so their specificity was calculated as 99.3%. Therefore, Bionote ELISA would be a good complementary and alternative method for IDEXX ELISA kit, and vice versa.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.535-539
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• 1996

국제양돈수의학회(International Pig Veterinary Society ; I.P.V.S) 제14차 총회 및 학술대회가 1996년 7월 7일부터 11일까지 이태리 중북부의 대학도시 볼로냐(Bologna, Italy)에서 개최되었다. I.P.V.S.는 1969년에 영국의 캠브리지 (Cambridge, United Kingdom)에서 창립된 이래 1996년 현재 53개 회원국 1,700 여명의 회원을 확보하고 있으며, 세계 각국의 양돈과 수의학에 관심을 가지고 있는 학자, 생산자 그리고 관련업계 인사들의 학술$\cdot$기술 정보교류와 협력을 목적으로 매 2년마다 세계 주요도시를 순회 하면서 개최되고 있다. 앞으로 2년후(1998년도)에는 I.P.V.S.의 탄생국인 영국의 버밍햄(Birmingham, United Kingdom)에서 제 15차 총회 및 학술대회를 개최할 예정이며 2000년대에는 시드니 올림픽과 때를 맞추어 호주의 멜보른(Melboume, Australia)에서 제16차 총회를 개최하기로 결정되어 있다. 금년(1996년도) I.P.V.S 총회에는 우리나라에서 30개 기관/업체로부터 50여명이 참여한 바 있으며 총 27편 (구두 9편, 포스터 18편)의 학술논문을 발표하는 등 눈부신 활약을 보인 바 있다. 금년도 I.P.V.S. 총회의 특징은 돼지의 전염성 질병중 근래에 우리나라에서도 문제시 되고 있는 '돼지 생식기 호흡기 중후군 (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ; PRRS)'이 세계적인 관심의 대상이었으며, 이태리 양돈병리축산학회 (Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini ; S.I.P.A.S) 주관으로 '돼지 적리 (Swine Dysentery)'에 관한 Satellite Symposium이 개최되었다는 점이다. WTO 이래 어려워지고만 있는 우리나라 축산업 분야중 그래도 비젼이 보이는 양돈산업과 관련하여, I.P.V.S.를 통하여 우리나라 수의업무의 세계화의 길을 찾아보고자, 1 국제양돈수의학회(I.P.V.S)의 역사 (양돈과 수의업무 전문가의 새로운 만남의 장), 2 I.P.V.S.에의 참여(제13차 방콕대회), 3 한국 수의사의 활약(제14차 볼로냐대회), 4 세계화의 길(제15차 버밍햄대회, 제16차 멜보른대회), 5 국내양돈의 문제와 우리가 해야할 일(수의업무 세계화의 길을 찾자)등의 순으로 적어보고자 한다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-184
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• 2003

This study was conducted to survey the farm which suffered from disease similar to classical swine fever(CSF) in Gyeongbuk province. Clinical signs appeared first in a few number of growing pigs which showed specific signs of diarrhea, depression, sleepiness, and reluctance to get up or to eat. Younger piglets may have appeared chilled, shiver and huddle together. As the disease progresses the affected pig's skin went red and purple. In histopathological signs, there were many haemorrhages throughout the body and larger haemorrhages in some organs such as lymph nodes. And there is a precipitous fall in the number of circulating leukocytes in the blood. In spite of insisting of farmer which did not vaccinate to classical swine fever, significant antibody production was detected in these affected pigs at enzyme-linked immuonsorbent assay. According to the above results at first glance, these affected pig suspected with CSF in clinical signs and histopathological lesions only. Because the symptoms and post-mortem picture were very similar to CSF, these false positive results would have been dangerous to diagnostician. But by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and comparative nucleotide sequence analysis, the disease was correctly diagnosed with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) compoundly. And the antigen which were detected the lesion similar to CSF virus, was confirmed with LOM vaccine strain of CSF. In most national CSF eradication program and in countries which are free of the CSF virus, vaccination against CSF is not practiced and generally is not allowed. But now in Korea, routine vaccination is practiced because of outbreaking the CSF repeatedly. When CSF is diagnosed the whole herd and other in contact animal are slaughtered continuously.