• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2010

Purpose: A tension pneumothorax is a fatal condition that requires immediate intervention. Although a definitive treatment for a tension pneumothorax is a tube thoracostomy, needle decompression can provide temporary relief, that is lifesaving. The traditional procedure for needle decompression involves inserting a needle or catheter at the second intercostal space, the midclavicular line. Recent evidence suggests that the commonly used catheters do not have sufficiently penetrate the chest wall. There are also claims that a lateral approach to needle decompression is easier and safer than the traditional anterior approach. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the optimal approach for needle decompression for the Korean population by measuring chest wall thicknesses at the points used for both the anterior and the lateral approaches. Methods: The chest wall thickness (CWT) of trauma victims who visited the Emergency Center of Pusan National University Hospital was measured by computed tomography (CT) images. The CWT was measured at the points used for the anterior and the lateral methods and was compared with the length of commonly used catheters, which is 45 mm. Results: The mean CWT at the second intercostal space, the midclavicular line, was shorter than the CWT at the 5th intercostal space, the anterior axillary line. However, the percentage of patients whose CWT was greater than 45 mm was larger when measured anteriorly (8.2%) that when measure laterally (5.7%). Female patients and those older than 60 were more likely to have an anterior CWT greater than 45 mm (28.2% for females and 15.5% for those older than 60). Conclusion: The percentage of trauma victims in Korea whose CWT is greater than 45 mm is lower than the values previously reported by other countries. However, females and older patients tend to have thicker chest walls, so the lateral approach would be suggested when performing needle decompression for such patients with suspected tension pneumothoraces.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1997

During the period of 1933-1994, house dusts were collected from 65 homes at 10 different localities by operating electric vacuum cleaners. House dust mites were isolated from 10 g dust by applying the modified wet sieving method. Total 7,257 mites were collected and 23 species were identified. Among them, Demctophqgoines loyinaf (DF) was predominant (65. Soy) of the total) , followed by D. pteronvssinus (DP) (20.6%) and Tyrophagus nutrescentios (TP) (6.5%) . Rhizoglvphur robini, Sancqsscnin phvIlophogiann, Cheyletus trcussarti and Scheloribates latipes were the first findings from Korea. DF was predominant in Seoul (66.8%), Kwangju (63.6%), inland of Pusan (79.6%1, Inchon (96.5%), Taejon (83.9%), Chouju (87.15) and Chongiu (95.2%), whereas DP was predominant in Yongkwang-ub (72.5%) and Yongdo (island) of Pusan (64.9%), and TP in Chunchon (38.2%) The localities where DP and TP were predominant showed higher relative humidity in air (> 73% RH) . Among 62 study homes, DF, DP and TP were found in 24.6% of the homes, co-habitat of two species in 48.1% and one species in 27.3%. DF was predominant in 63.5% of the homes studied, DP in 29.6% and TP in 6.9%. In 10 g of the house dust, less than 99 mites were found in 49 homes (70.0%), 100-499 mites in 11 homes (15.7%), 500-999 mites in 3 homes (4.3%) and more than 1,000 mites in 2 homes (2.9%). No mite was found in 5 homes (7.1%). In order to evaluate environmental factors affecting the population density of house dust mites, house type, age of house construction, size of the house, number of the family and frequency of the cleaning were compared with the number of mites, and none of the above factors were statistically correlated with the mite density.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to analyze data from the planned national serological monitoring program for Aujeszky's disease (AD) using a simulation model to evaluate probable outcomes expected in the sample derived from the simulated herds at predefined within-herd prevalence and herd prevalence. Additionally, prevalence at animal- and herd-level estimated by the stochastic simulation model based on the distributions of the proportion of infected herds and test-positive animals was compared with those of data from a national serological survey in 2006, in which 106,762 fattening pigs from 5,325 herds were tested for AD using a commercial ELISA kit. A fixed value of 95% was used for test sensitivity, and the specificity was modeled with a minimum, most likely and maximum of 95, 97 and 99%, respectively. The within-herd prevalence and herd prevalence was modeled using Pert and Triang distributions, respectively with a minimum, most likely and maximum point values. In all calculations, population size of 1,000 was used due to lack of representative information. The mean number of infected herds and true test-positives was estimated to be 27 herds (median = 25; 95% percentile 44) and 214 pigs (median = 196; 95% percentile 423), respectively. When testing 20 pigs (mean of 2006 survey) in each herd, there was a 3.3% probability that the potential for false-positive reactions due to less than 100% specificity of the ELISA test would be detected. It was found that the model showed prevalence of 0.21% (99% percentile 0.50%) and 0.5% (99% percentile 0.99%) at animal- and herd-level, respectively. These rates were much similar to data from the 2006 survey (0.62% versus 0.83%). The overall mean herd-level sensitivity of the 2006 survey for fattening pigs was 99.9%, with only a 0.2% probability of failing to detect at least one infected herd.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 1986

In southeastern sea of Korea, ammonium excretion rates of mixed macrozooplankton population ranged from 0.90 to 2.32$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH$\_$4/-Nm$\^$-3/h$\^$-1/ and zooplankton excretion contributed from 3 to 15% of total nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton. Wet weight specific ex cretion rate was averaged to be 3.45$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH$\_$4/-Ng$\^$-1/wet weight h$\^$-1/. Zooplankton biomass in wet weight and protein tended to increase to ward outer outer shelf. GDH assay of macrozooplankton demonstrated a typical Michaelis-Mentenkinetics with 5.1mM of half saturation constant(Km). Protein specific GDH activity in the present study ranged from 1.5 to 3.2$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH $\_$4/-N mg$\^$-1/protein h$\^$-1/. Higher protein specific GDH activity in the outer shelf implies that zooplankters in the outer shelf were more active in nitrogen metabolism grazing higher primary production in the outer shelf. In the present study, averaged GDH/excretion ratio was 18.8${\pm}$2.6(n=6)showing high correlation between zooplankton GDH activity and direct ammonium excretion rate by zooplankton. GDH assay can be extremely useful in the future study for the ammonium regeneration by different size zooplankton fraction in various marine environments.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2001

The effect of phenol on the change of bacterial community in the effluent water from a wastewater treatment plant was analyzed by PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The fragments of 16S rDNA were amplified by PCR with bacterial primers, where one of the primers was biotinylated at the 5'-end. After digestion with restriction enzymes, HaeIII and AluI, the biotinylated terminal restriction tragments (T-RFs) of the digested products were selectively isolated by using streptavidin paramagnetic particles. The single-stranded DNA of T-RFs was separated by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel and detected by silver staining technique. When 10 standard strains were analyzed by our method, each strain had a unique T-RF which corresponded to the calculated size from the known sequences of RDP database. The T-RFLP fingerprint generated from the effluent water was very complex, and the predominant T-RFs corresponded to members of the genus Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In addition, the perturbation of bacterial community was observed when phenol was added to the sample at the final concentration of 250 $l^{-1}$. The number of T-RFs increased and the major bacterial population could be assigned to the genus Acinetobacter, Comamonas, Cytophaga and Pseudomonas. A intense band assigned to the putative genera of Acinetobacter and Cytophaga was eluted, amplified, and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the T-RF showed close relationship with the sequence of Acinetobacter junii.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2003

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the possibility on agricultural use of muncipal sewage sludge with respect to heavy metal contents in Korea. Metal contents (mg/kg) in 88 sludge samples were ranged from 0 to 54.3 for As, 1,7 to 197.3 for Cd, 7.3 to 2,854 for Cr, 87.4 to 5,730 for Cu, 129.3 to 10,289 for Mn 20.1 to 2,057 for Ni, 7.6 to 197.5 for Pb, and 523.5 to 6,349 for Zn. Heavy metal contents of sludges were compared with the regulation on raw material for compost. All sludges produced from sewage treatment plane in metropolis (over a million in population) and large cities ($500,00{\sim}1,000,000$) were not compatible with the regulation. In addition, 95% of sludge from small and mid-size cities ($100,00{\sim}500,000$) and 93% from rural area (below 100,000) were not suitable. On the basis of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn contents, 41, 53, 47, and 89% of sludge samples were not compatible with the regulation on raw material for compost respectively.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.482-495
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• 2019

Background: An important function of the regional public hospital is to satisfy the basic medical needs of the community through the stable provision of high-quality medical services. The purpose of this study was to identify the relevance index (RI) of the regional public hospital and to identify the factors that affect the RI. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2017 regional public hospital operation evaluation report and 2017 medical monitoring report for vulnerable area. RI of the regional public hospital was a dependent variable, and multiple regression analysis was performed with observed variables of medical supply-demand condition, medical supply, and medical supply structure. Direct effects and indirect effects were confirmed by the analysis of structural equation models (SEM) to see if there were mediating effects. Results: The RI was 13.1%, and the average of all percentage refined diagnosis-related group (RDRG) was 29.4%. Factors affecting RI were medical supply-demand conditions, medical supply, and medical supply structure. As a result of multiple regression analysis, RI was higher when high percentage RDRG of the regional public hospital (t=4.117, p<0.05), the size of regional public hospital location (t=-2.554, p<0.05), and the population of regional public hospital location (t =-2.415, p<0.05) were smaller. The results of the SEM analysis show that the higher the medical supply-demand conditions, the more direct effect of decreasing the RI and the indirect effect of decreasing the effect of reduction through the medical supply (direct effect=-1.322, total effect=-0.573, p<0.01). The higher the medical supply structure, the more direct effect on the RI (direct effect=1.047, p<0.05) and the higher the medical supply, the more indirect effect of RI through the medical supply structure (total effect=direct effect=0.619, p<0.05). Conclusion: It has been confirmed that the provision of medical services can affect the RI the regional public hospital which should be considered in carrying out future policies.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2002

In an artificial pH-gradient batch culture system, the author analyzed the effects of acidification on the species composition of heterotrophic bacteria. As the result of this study, it was found that the numbers of total bacteria were not affected by acidification and that the population size of heterotrophic bacteria decreased as pH became lower. The heterotrophic bacteria isolated from all of the pH gradient were 12 genera and 22 species, and among them, gram negative and gram positive bacteria were 04% and 30%, respectively. As pH decreased, the distribution rate of gram negative bacteria increased while that of gram positive bacteria decreased. Regarding to distribution rate of genuses in each pH gradient, 13 genuses appeared at pH 7 while only 5 genuses appeared at pH 3, which means that the diversity of genera decrease as pH decreased. The activities of extracellular enzyme showed the ranges of $0.008-0.292\;\mu{M}\ell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$ in bioreactor system. The enzymatic activities decreased rapidly below pH 5 and then sustained 5-38% at the lower pH values.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2011

Health care service's added value and sustainability has been formed, through the product developing about sports equipment and special equipment for disabled in order to improve the life quality, with the increasing population of elderly and the attention about health care. This research's design and 3 testing sections has been done according to design process for design development of functional bike. 1st test is done through researching from 4 aspects: structure, aesthetic, function and using. In the 2nd testing, 10 universal design items were used to evaluate 10 modeling samples, and sample F which has high evaluation overall was chosen. In 3rd test, evaluation was done from the user service scene about the mock-up with 1/4 scale size. PPP (product performance program) which is constructed with 60 evaluation items about functional bike's service was tested, and these items were fixed through discussing with experts. Through the result we knew the aesthetic elements had relationship with proportion, unity and typicality. In 10 items (55 survey items), the scores of items with physical exposure's minimization, simple and intuitively usage showed high, on the contrary, the other items' scores was very low, such as information delivery's consideration and thought, failure preventing. The evaluation will be done once more by health care experts, designers and elderly together if the physical model could be made for getting accurate measurement about above test result in the future.