• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

Punica granatum, L. (Pomegranate) has 613 seeds which accidentally corresponds to the 613 commandments in the Bible. Accordingly, the fruit has been worshipped by the Jewish and other religious people from the ancient. Pomegranate's seed, peel and juice contain a variety of ethnomedical components so much as the sum of three kinds of other common fruits. The number of published papers related to the pomegranate in recent 7 years flourished 7 times more than before at the bases of Medline record. Since the containments of estrogen, as $17{\alpha}-estradiol,\;17{\beta}-estradiol$, estrone, and estradiol, etc., in pomegranate have been reported, public interests and commercial values of pomegranate arose considerably. The report was disproved later, however, merits of this fruit remained yet; clinical efficacy for preventing and remediating cancers including breast and prostate cancers by oral administration of the juice, seed oil, and peel extract is still believed to be true. In this review, target components of pomegranate such as antioxidants, anticancers, antiestrogens and ethnomedical components were analyzed and discussed along with examining its pharmaceutical efficacy and prescription to postmenopausal lesion, cardiosclerosis, cosmetic beautification, viral and allergic symptoms, and diabetes mellitus, etc.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.2 s.51
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• pp.207-212
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• 2005

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) which is very rich in Polyphenols and tannins was recently reported its anti-oxidant activities and phytoestrogenic activities in vivo test and many clinical studies, but the effects of them on the skin have not been reported. The experiments were tarried out in vitro to determine anti-oxidant activities of pomegranate extracts on DPPH radical scavenging assay, NBT/Xanthine Oxidase-superoxide scavenging assay, silica-induced intracellular $H_2O_2$, hydroperoxide and superoxide generation assay in RAW 264.7 cells. It showed that the methanolic extract of dried pomegranate peels have the most significant anti-oxidant activities on free radical scavenging assay and inhibitory activities on silica-induced intracellular free radical generation in RAW 264.7 cells. The concentrated juice of pomegranate showed only DPPH radical scavenging activities and inhibited hyaluronidase activity. Moreover, pomegranate seed oil inhibited specially silica-induced intracellular hydroperoxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that the methanolic extract of dried pomegranate peels and pomegranate seed oil have more anti-oxidant activity than concentrated juice of pomegranate. Thus the extracts of pomegranate peels and seed oil could be developed cosmetic ingredients for anti-aging.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.726-733
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• 2009

Six types of oil were extracted from pomegranate seed, mung bean, pepper seed, safflower seed, seeds of Cassia tora Linnaeus, and perilla seed. The extracted seed oils were analyzed for total and positional fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) level, and tocopherol content. Crude fat levels measured by the Folch method were 21.64% in perilla seed, 13.85% in safflower seed, 9.60% in pepper seed, 8.85% in pomegranate seed, 2.25% in mung bean, and 2.00% in C. tora,respectively (all w/w). Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the most abundant fatty acid at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (TAGs), ranging from 15.99-88.3 wt%. The composition of TAGs was analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC, and TAGs of seed oils showed partition numbers of 36-48. The highest content (377.74 mg/100 g) of total tocopherol was found in pomegranate seed whereas the total tocopherol content of mung bean, C. tora, pepper seed, perilla seed, and safflower seed were 141.16, 107.23, 33.88, 30.05, and 29.80 mg/100 g, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.2 s.86
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

This study was investigated on antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of PSW(pomegranate seed water extract), PSE(pomegranate seed ethanol extract) and PSO(pomegranate seed oil). The extraction yields of PSW, PSE and PSO were 28.9, 13.0 and $4.9\%$, respectively. Total phenol contents of PSW, PSE and PSO were 47, 78 mg/g(dry basis) and 40 mg/g, respectively. Electron donating abilities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 1,000 ppm were 18.8, 28.5 and $9.7\%$, respectively. Antioxidative activities in Iinoleic acid substrates at 500 ppm were in order of PSE > $\alpha-tocopherol$ > PSW > PSO. Antioxidative activities in Iinoleic acid emulsion substrates at 200 ppm were in order of $\alpha-tocopherol$l > PSE > PSW > PSO. In antimicrobial activity, PSO showed growth inhibition effect against Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enteritidis and PSW showed growth inhibition effect against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli. Whereas antimicrobial activity of PSE was not observed. The nitrite-scavenging abilities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 2,000 ppm were 27.5, 23.7 and $39.6\%$, respectively. And the SOD-like activities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 1,000 ppm were 15.9, 34.9 and $0.10\%$, respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2006

Recently, the pomegranate seed oil (PSO) has been reported to have various efforts including anti-cancer effect. In this study, we examined the liver-protecting effect of the PSO on the hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ using the BALB/c mice. The PSO was made from dried seeds of black pomegranate (Punica grantum) by heating and squeezing. The expreimental animals were divided into 3 groups; control group treated with olive oil only, experimental group 1 treated with $CCl_4$ only, and experimental group 2 treated with PSO and $CCl_4$. 24 hours after injection of $CCl_4$ into the peritoneal cavity, we collected the blood samples to measure the level of serological factors; aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Simultaneously we observed the histological change of liver under the light and electron microscope. As the result, AST and ALT showed $88.7{\pm}14.9IU/L\;and\;22.0{\pm}3.12IU/L$ in the control group, $1963.7{\pm}1212.9IU/L\;and\;4495.4{\pm}2803.6IU/L$ in the experimental group 1, and $432.2{\pm}260.1IU/L\;and\;692.3{\pm}433.1IU/L$ in the experimental group 2. The experimental group 2 showed significant difference as compared with experimental group 1 (P<0.005). In histological study, the experimental group 2 was recovered than experimental group 1 which had abnormal mitochondria, increase of lysosomes, and severe necrosis at the central vein zones. These results indicated that the PSO had the liver protecting effect. However, The further study on the relationship between ingredients of pomegranate seed and liver protecting effect is in need.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2012

Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed esterification was carried out to produce functional hard fat (structured lipid, SL) using palm stearin (PS) and hydrolysate of pomegranate seed oil (HPSO) of 1:6 molar ratio. HPSO contained conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA, about 80%). The reaction was performed at non-solvent system and solvent (n-hexane) system using Lipozyme TL IM (10% of total substrates, w/w) for 12, 24, and 72 hr in a shaking water bath ($55^{\circ}C$ and 185 rpm), respectively. SL synthesized in non-solvent system (NH-SL) and SL synthesized in n-hexane system (H-SL) were refined after deacidification, respectively. Their physicochemical properties were compared to obtain desirable functional hard fat. The content of CLnA in NH-SL increased from 34.38% to 40.63% with increasing reaction time. Similar results also observed in H-SL resulting in 36.81~45.83% of CLnA. In triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, the main molecules of LnLnLn (Ln=linolenic acid, PN=36) and the LnLnP (P=palmitic acid, PN=40) were newly synthesized in NH-SL and H-SL with increasing reaction time. After 72 hr reaction, iodine values of NH-SL (136.49) and H-SL (140.37) showed high values because of the high content of CLnA. Solid fat index (SFI) in NH-SL was higher than that in H-SL at each measured temperature. The predominant polymorphic forms of NH-SL and H-SL obtained after esterification for 72 hr were the desirable crystalline structure of the ${\beta}$' form.