• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1224-1235
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• 2021

An integrated waste management approach for irradiated graphite was developed during the European Commission project 'Treatment and Disposal of Irradiated Graphite and other Carbonaceous Waste'. This included the identification of potential options for the management of irradiated graphite, taking account of storage, retrieval, treatment and disposal methods. This paper describes how these options can be assessed using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for a case study relating to a generic power reactor. Criteria have been defined to account for safety, environmental, economic and socio-political factors, including radiological impact, resource usage, economic costs and risks. The impact of each option against each criterion has been assessed using data from the project and the wider literature. A linear additive approach has been used to convert the calculated impacts to scores. To account for the relative importance of the criteria, example weightings were allocated. This application has shown that MCDA approaches can be used to support complex decisions regarding irradiated graphite management, accounting for a wide range of criteria. Use of this approach by individual countries or organisations will need to account for the specific options, scores, weightings and constraints that apply, based on their national strategies, regulatory requirements and public acceptability.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.621-634
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• 2017

이 연구는 정책과정에서 정책중개자의 요건과 자원, 역할에 관한 연구이다. 특히 정책중개자의 요건으로서 정당성(공식적 권위, 정치적 지지)과 전문성(정보와 전문지식, 숙련된 리더십)의 두 가지 요건에 주목하였다. 구체적으로 미디어렙 입법과정을 둘러싼 행위자 간 갈등이 강력한 영향력을 가진 정책중개자의 의해 조정·중개됨으로서 협력적 관계로 변화하는 과정을 분석하였다. 이러한 정책과정에 참여하는 행위자 간 의견을 중개하고, 대립하는 이해관계를 조정할 수 있는 유력한 행위자(powerful actor)로서 정책중개자는 제1기(입법유예기)와 제2기(입법공백기)의 정책과정에서는 정당성과 전문성의 결여로 갈등적 상호작용의 변동에 영향을 주지 못하였으나 제3기(입법기)에 구성된 국회 6인 소위원회의 정당성과 방송통신위원회의 전문성이 상호보완적인 활동을 통해 정책산출에 성공할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 미디어렙 정책결정과정의 최종과정에 공식적 정책중개자(국회의 6인 소위원회)와 함께 실질적인 조정 역할을 했던 숨겨진 정책행위자(방송통신위원회)의 역할을 살펴볼 수 있었다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제45권
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• pp.220-254
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• 2009

대통령 후보 합동 TV토론은 후보들의 정책과 인성의 상호 검증을 통해 민주적인 방식의 대통령 선출에 기여하는 중요한 선거 캠페인이다. 본 연구는 제17대 대통령 후보들이 TV합동토론에서 상호 교환한 어휘군(群)의 연결망을 언어네트워크 분석 소프트웨어인 KrKwic와 UCINET을 통해 분석하고 단어의 사용과 단어 간 거리를 비교 고찰함으로써 정치 토론의 실효성을 점검하고 북한 관련 이슈에 대한 후보 간 입장 차이를 규명하고자 했다. 연구 결과 이명박, 정동영, 이회창 세 후보의 상호토론에는 중심 논제의 구성이 본래 토론이 지향하는 상호이해의 구성요건인 접점(stasis)을 형성하기에 부적합하고, 단어의 선택과 사용빈도에서 생산적인 공방이나 토론의 교육적 효과에 대한 한계를 노정시킨 것으로 나타났다. 북한 관련 이슈 8개 단어들의 공출현 단어 간 거리 분석(co-occurrence matrix) 결과, 각 후보가 연결시킨 단어들 간의 관계를 통해 입장의 차이를 도식화할 수 있었다. 이명박 후보는 북한 문제를 남한과의 상대성에서 파악하는 경향을 보였으며, 이회창 후보는 한-미간의 관계 틀 안에서 북한 문제를 고려하고 북한문제와 핵문제를 동일시하는 것으로 드러났다. 또 정동영 후보는 북한의 문제를 한반도 문제로 개념화하고 북한과 전쟁을 연결 짓지 않는 특징을 나타냈다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-97
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• 1987

Tuna and tuna fishing extend over most of the tropical waters of the world oceans, especially, this study of the Indian Ocean and the fish and the fishing vessels are highly mobile. No country can deal in isolation with the problems of its tuna fishery and of any tuna fishery in its waters, without collaborating with other countries. This cooperation is often best established through some formal international mechanism. The essential requirements are for information-on the resources, the fishery, the trade-and to identify where management actions are needed to consore the resources or to maintain the economic or social function of the fishery. These will also usually require some form of international mechanism. With the changes in the Law of the Sea, the siuuation in respect of management of tuna-considered among the highly migratory species, requirng special treatment-has also changed. At present there are both uncertainty regarding tuna management and political arguments as to how such management can be best implemented. Bearing this in mind, together with the fact that only few tuna stocks have shown clear evidence of serious depletion through over-exploitation, present emphasis will be placed on information requirements. This study included compiling the data necessary to review the state of stoks in the Indian Ocean tuna fishing grounds. Information on the resources-where the fish are, their quantity, their movements, etc. is important, whether in planning development of new fisheries, or considering the need for collaboration with other countries (in ascertaining to what extent their catches may affect catches of the natoinal fleet) or for conservation measures. A major source of information is the statistics of for conservation measures. A major source of information is the statistics of catch and fishing effort from existing commercial vessels. These need to be assembled for all fisheries on the same stock on an oceanwide basis. The statistical data also need to be analysed and intepreted, and combined with biological data(e.g., on growth, mortality and migration rates) to provide information that is intelligible and useful for administrators and other decision-makers. This must also be undertaken on a resource-wide or ocean-wide basis. Finally, because of the world-wide similarities in the methods of datching, processing and marketing fish, there is a particular tut not exclusive need in those countries just beginning to develop their tuna fisheries-to have ready access to a syntheis of information on tuna, tuna biology and tuna fisheries and tuna fisheries economics and management on the Indian Ocean.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.91-104
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• 1995

교통 및 기타 공간계획 과정에 있어서 분석을 위한 공간분할은 필수적이다. 공간 분할에 있어서 두 가지의 중요한 변수는 scale과 aggregation이라고 할 수 있는바 이들 2가지의 조합에 따라서 분할된 공간상의 계획결과물은 실로 엄청난 차이를 보일 때도 있다. 본고에서는 이들 공간 zone 분항 및 재구성 체계의 과정 및 결정기법을 살펴 보는데 우선 목적이 있고, 또한 vector형 GIS의 위상관계자료를 이용한 교통 zone체계의 재설정 방법을 제시해 봄으로써 경직된 교통계획상의 zone체계 구성에의 변화를 창출해 보았다. 시범연구로서는 남한을 132개의 세부 zone으로 구분한 뒤 사회경제적 지표에 의한 동질적인 zone체계를 구축하여 교통계획에 응용하였으나 애초에 macro된 세부 zone체계를 사용한 나머지 aggregate된 zone이 concave한 문제점 또한 발견되었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2016

Objectives: Members of Korean Healthy Cities Partnership(KHCP) has increased rapidly since 2006 and adopted Active Living Environments(ALE) as common theme in 2015. Academic definition and categorization, needs assessment and operational planning for making active living environments were required from KHCP. Methods: Literatures review, survey to members of KHCP, specialist discussion and consultation with members of KHCP have been done from October of 2015 to February of 2016. Results: ALE included humane(social networks), physical and political resources. Three categories and 13 items for ALE were identified. Present actions among member cities were variable and especially immature in physical environments. Indicators for ALE were not secured stably. Requirements for policy and physical environmental approach and adolescent programme were high. Priority areas for education and technical assistance were master planning, guideline and case, program and policy development, partnership development, and networking among cities. Representative projects among member cities were somewhat different from ideal models. Conclusions: Policy and environmental approaches needs to be reinforeced systemically for members of KHCP including securing stable indicators. More education and technical assistance also needed sustainably.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권7호
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• pp.55-89
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• 2009

This article aims to critically review recent U. S. RMA-centered theories of warfare having prevailed after the 1991-92 Gulf War upon which the current ROKA military transformation project, the Vision 2020, largely based. In order to evaluate validity as a universal warfighing theory of NCW (Network Centric Warfare) and EBO (Effects-Based Operations), this article reviews the intrinsic strength and weakness of the theories as well as results of several recent wars that the U. S. Army conducted based on doctrines derived form such theories, In addition, this article examines the impact of certain military technology or weapon system in some well-known historical wars to draw lessons regarding the relationship between technology(weapon system) and military victory. Historical examples has shown that victories in war were not achieved by new technologies alone in most cases. Rather military victories tended to owe to combination of new technology, original doctrine and well conceived organization. Although the U. S. Armed Forces showed brilliant records of operational successes anchored on the system of PGMs and NCW concepts in Iraq (1991-92; 2003) and Afghanistan (2001-02), it must be pointed out that the operational successes did not bring about political ones in cases of Iraq and Afghanistan. It reminds us of perils of too technologically tilted approach to the conduct of war. In sum, one ought to recognize that superior technology nowadays became a necessary condition of success but is not yet a sufficient condition, the ROKA needs to be abreast with development trends of military technologies and related theoretical concepts, it need not too be in a hurry in adopting cutting edged war-making technologies at the expense of large amount of budget. The essay recommends for the ROKA several basic requirements for coping with conduct of future wars as well as establishing a 'Korean style military thought'; (1) Recognition of importance of technology in conduct of war; (2) Imposition of officer self-study hours in working days; (3) Establishing a lifestyle of military professionalism in the Korean officer corps; (4) Setting up small or large groups of think-tanks that are specialized in army doctrinal formulation.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.137-163
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• 2018

초등교사의 전문성과 관련하여, 교실담임으로서의 전문성과 교과전문가로서의 전문성 간의 논쟁이 부각되고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 초등교사의 전문성 논의는 주로 이론적, 교원 정책적, 교원양성 체제적 측면에서 이루어져 온 경향이 있었으며, 교사양성 프로그램에 초점을 둔 경우는 많지 않다. 더욱이 일부 교사양성 프로그램에 초점을 둔 경우도, 북미와 유럽 선진국에 관한 연구는 일부 있으나, 중국을 비롯한 동아시아국들의 사례를 검토하고 비교한 연구는 드물다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국과 중국의 초등교사양성 프로그램을 비교연구하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 한국과 중국에서 각각 13개씩 총 26개의 초등교사양성 기관의 프로그램을 교육목표의 성격, 교육과정의 구성, 교육과정 이수 요건, 개설교과목의 유형 및 성격 측면에서 분석하고 비교했다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 우리나라 초등교사양성 프로그램 개선에 줄 수 있는 시사점이 논의되었다.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제6권10호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2016

평생학습사회를 지향하는 교육정책이 대학교육의 변화를 강하게 요구하고 있다. 그 중심에 국가직무능력표준이 있으며, 교육과 산업현장에 필요한 역량을 체계적으로 개발하기 위한 노력이 다양하게 일어나고 있다. 본 논문은 지속가능한 NCS의 운영을 위해 필요한 역량을 전문가인 교수자에 두고 논의하였다. 연구대상은 NCS 교육과정 개발과 운영에 참여한 교수 3명에게 면담자료를 수집하였으며, 분류분석으로 자료 분석을 유목화 하였다. 전문대학원 교수에게 필요한 역량은 교육과정 설계와 개발의 거시적 교수역량과 수업설계와 운영에 해당하는 미시적 수업 역량으로 도출되었다. 또한 이 역량들은 개발과 설계, 운영, 평가라는 구조를 갖고 있으며, 교수자들에게 공통적으로 필요한 기본자질을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과가 현장밀착형 특성화 교육을 지향하는 전문대학원 교수들의 역량 개발에 필요한 방법을 제공해 줄 수 있으리라 기대하며 궁극적으로 교수의 역량이 대학원 학생들의 역량의 질을 제고하는 데 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.7-35
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• 1992

The expansion of air transport on a global scale with ever increasing traffic densities has brought about problems that must be solved through new multilateral mechanisms. Looking to the immediate future, air transport will require new forms of international cooperation in technical and economic areas. Air transport by its very nature should have been a counterforce to nationalism. Yet, the regulatory system in civil aviation is still as firmly rooted in the principle of national sovereignty as when it was first proclaimed at t-11e Paris Convention of 1919 and reaffirmed in the Chicago Convention. Sovereignty over the airspace has remained the cornerstone of relations between states in all respects of air transport. The importance of sovereignty over air space embodied in article 1 of the Chicago Conrenton also is responsible for restricting the authority of ICAO as an intergovernmental regulatory agency. The Orgenization, for all its extensive efforts, has only limited authority. ICAO sets standards but cannot enforce them; it devises solutions but cannot impose them. To implement its rules ICAO most rely not so much on legal requirements as on the goodwill of states. It has been forty-eight years since international community set the foundations of the international system in civil aviation action. Profound political, economic and technological changes have taken place in air transport. The Chicago Convention is living proof that staes can work together to make air transport a safe mode of travel. The law governing international civil auiation is principally based on international treaties and on other regulation agreed to by governments, for the most part through the mechanism of ICAO. The role of ICAO international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with a broad range of technical matters could hardly be overestimated. The organization's ability to develop these standards and procedures, to adapt them continuously to the rapid sate of change and development of air transport, should be particularly stressed. The role of ICAO in the area of the development of multilateral conventions on international air law has been successful but to a certain degree. From the modest starting-point of the Tokyo Convention, we have seen more adequate international instruments prepared within the scope of ICAO activities, adopted: the Hague Convention of 1970 for the suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. The work of ICAO in the new domain of international law conventions concerning what has been loosely termed above as the criminal problems connected with international air transport, in particular the problem of armed aggression against aircraft, should be positively appreciated. But ICAO records in the domain of developing a uniform legal system of international carriage by air are rather disappointing. The problem of maintaining and developing the uniformity of this regulation exceeds the scope of interest and competence of governmental transport agencies. The expectations of mankind linked to it are too great to give up trying to restore the uniform legal system of international air carriage that would create proper conditions for its further growth. It appears that ICAO has, at present, a good opportunity for doing this. The hasty preparation of ICAO draft conventions should be definitely excluded. Every Preliminary draft convention ought to be sent to Governments of all member-States for consideration, So that they could in form ICAO in due time of their observation. The problom of harmonizing a uniform law of international air carriage with that of other branches of international transport should demand more and more of its attention. ICAO cooperation with other international arganization, especially these working in the field of international transport, should be strengthened. ICAO is supposed to act as a link and a mediator among, at times the conflicting interests of member States, serving the happiness and peace of all of the world. The transformation of the contemporary world of developing international relations, stimulated by steadily growing international cooperation in its various dimensions, political, economic, scientific, technological, social and cultural, continuously confronts ICAO with new task.