• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.115-134
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• 2020

Purpose - International trade leads to the international division of labor, improving the efficiency of the global economic system. Transport costs are a more serious barrier to international trade than customs tariffs. An increase in competition in the transport sector may thus lead to a reduction in transport costs. However, if a carrier's nationality significantly influences transport costs, simply adding more competing carriers of different nationalities would be ineffective. Therefore, it is necessary to establish national or regional carriers to influence competition and reduce transport costs. This study investigates this "nationality effect" by treating Hanjin Shipping's collapse as a natural experiment. Design/methodology - The theoretical basis of this study is the 3rd-degree price discrimination in container shipping market. By using the monthly data of container freight rates of Korea, China and Japan, this study shows the so-called Korea Premiums, which are the empirical counterparts of nationality effect in Korea container shipping market. For this empirical investigation, the structural model with state-space form is used and the dummy models are also estimated. In addition, because China has been also affected by the Hanjin's collapse, the China premiums are considered too. Findings - Compared with Japan's case, it is shown that there had been the so-called Korea premiums since the collapse of Hanjin Shipping. These results are robust from both the state-space model and dummy models. The time pattern of Korea premiums was consistent with the market evolution, especially the pattern of substitutability in container shipping markets. In addition, this paper shows the magnitude of Korea premiums. Originality/value - The argument of this study that the nationality effect can be interpreted as an extended concept of the home market effect is original, which is expected to evoke future research efforts. Further, the discussion on the shipping industrial policy from both horizontal and vertical aspects will provide the relevant policy makers with solid information, especially for the policy coordination in a global scale.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.235-247
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• 2022

A marine protected area (MPA) is a spatially designated section of the ocean where the biodiversity is high. Munseom MPA has a unique underwater landscape including soft coral, subtropical fish, and benthos, attracting many scuba divers. This paper intends to evaluate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the scuba diving management policy in the Munseom MPA. As a stated preference valuation method, a choice experiment was applied to assess divers' preferences with economic values for the policy. The attributes used in the study included zoning (temporal closure), conservation education, daily permit, soft coral area, and diving fee. We collected 333 questionnaires through online and field surveys and used 296 after excluding incomplete responses for the final data analysis. Study results show that a six-month closure, a decrease in soft coral habitat, and the diving fee were statistically significant. A positive coefficient with regard to the six-month closure variable indicates that divers preferred the policy, and the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) was estimated to be KRW 8,637 per person per dive. The aggregate WTP of KRW 233 million was obtained by multiplying the MWTP by the number of visiting divers per year. When comparing the levels of recreation specialization, more skilled divers preferred the management option. The results of this study will help predict the priority of management measures and the levels of acceptability among divers when diving management is implemented in Korea in the future. This study suggests that marine environmental policies need to consider divers as one of the important stakeholders for marine conservation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 2017

Possible links among cosmic ray, cloud, and climate have scientific uncertainties. The reputed topics have been highly controversial during several decades. A link between the atmospheric ionization by galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which is modulated by solar activities, and global cloud cover was firstly proposed in 1997. Some researchers suggested that the GCR can stimulate the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere, and then the higher CCN concentrations may lead to an increase of cloud cover, resulting in a cooling of the Earth's climate, and vise versa. The CLOUD (Cosmic leaving outdoor droplets) experiment was designed to study the effect of GCR on the formation of atmospheric aerosols and clouds under precisely controlled laboratory conditions. A state-of-the-art chamber experiment has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of the aerosol formation in early stage and its nucleation processes if the GCR effect is considered or not. Many studies on the climate-GCR (or space weather) connection including the CLOUD experiment have been carried out during the several decades. Although it may not be easy to clarify the physical connection, the recent scientific approaches such as the laboratory experiments or modeling studies give some implications that the research definitively contributed to reduce the scientific uncertainties of natural and anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing as well as to better understand the formation processes of fine particulate matters as an important parameter of air quality forecast.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.502-507
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• 2009

Trend of mechanical ventilation system applied to apartment house is introduced and feasibility study on installation of the individual room control ventilation as energy-saving method is carried out through field experiment. While initial cost of installation for the individual room control ventilation increases, the running cost is lower than the individual household control ventilation due to automatic flow rate control and reduction of fan power, and the management cost also decreases due to extension of use life of components. As the results of field experiment on $115m^2$-type apartment house, the individual room control ventilation could save the amount of 1,459.5Wh/day when compared with the individual room control ventilation

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.121-132
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• 2022

The need for floating photovoltaic is being emphasized to expand renewable energy but low residents' acceptance is a major obstacle to the deployment of floating photovoltaic. Using the discrete choice experiment, this study analyzed the preferences for community-based floating photovoltaic projects and proposed a method to increase the residents' acceptance of floating photovoltaic projects. The estimates of the marginal willingness to accept (MWTA) of the distance, the coverage ratio, the landscape, the project owner (public institution), and the project owner (large company) are -0.69%p/km, 0.13%p/%p, -0.57%p, -2.95%p, -1.73%p, respectively. According to the result of simulation analysis, the residents' acceptance is significantly higher when the project is operated by a public institution, with a choice probability of 58%, than when the project is operated by a private company, with a choice probability of 29%, 12% for a large and small company, respectively. In addition, as a result of the analysis of the expected returns, the results show that the closer the distance from the residence to the power plant, the higher the expected return.

• Transportation Technology and Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 2010

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.332-333
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• 2000

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.210-218
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• 2005

In the current global business environment, it is very important how to allocate products from the producer to buyers (or distributors). Sometimes some buyers can order more than pertinent demand due to inappropriate forecasting customers' orders. This is the big obstacle to the efficient allocation of products. If the producer can become aware of buyers' pertinent demand, it is possible to realize the high-level order fulfillment through the effective allocation of products. In this study, a new allocation policy is proposed considering buyers' demands. The backpropagation algorithm, one of algorithms in neural network theory, is used to find pertinent demands from the distributors' orders. In the experiment, an allocation policy considering buyers' demands outperforms previous allocation policies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.234-246
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• 2013

Microcredit was first introduced by non-profit organization in early 2000s and the Ministry of Health and Welfare promoted the support policy of self-support community and the hope-developing bank. And then, microcredit policy was suddenly changed while the microfinance policy was promoted in 2009. For example, there were changes of the control tower of the policy, the emphasis on financial approach from welfare approach, the establishment of the operation agency. This study analyzed the policy changes on microcredit policy using the framework of Hood(1994) and Joo(1999) in order to analyze causes of sudden changes. As results, the reason affecting microcredit policy change was changes of an unemployment rate and the financial environment, the change of outside situation, the policy idea of the middle practicalism of government and the success of the experiment in microcredit, the passive intervention of stakeholders, the internal factors on the policy custom. So the results suggests that the policy is produced illogically because of the absence of stakeholders' participation.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2012

This paper concerns a joint replenishment problem for a single buyer who sells multiple types of items to end-customers. The buyer periodically replenishes the inventory of each item to a preset order-up-to-level to satisfy the end customers' demands, which may be non-stationary. A joint replenishment policy characterized by variable order-up-to-levels is proposed for the buyer who wishes to minimize the expected cost of operating the retail system. The proposed policy starts each period by calculating the expected cost of ordering and not ordering action based on the information of the current inventory position and forecasted demand for the upcoming period. It then takes advantage of an integer programming model to get a cost effective joint replenishment plan. Computer experiment was performed to test efficiency of the proposed policy. When compared with the most efficient policy currently available, our policy showed a considerable cost savings especially for the problems having non-stationary demands.