• Title/Summary/Keyword: Polar Region

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A STUDY ON THE IONOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE INTERACTION BASED ON NCAR-TIEGCM: DEPENDENCE OF THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD (IMF) ON THE MOMENTUM FORCING IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERE (NCAR-TIEGCM을 이용한 이온권과 열권의 상호작용 연구: 행성간 자기장(IMF)에 따른 고위도 하부 열권의 운동량 강제에 대한 연구)

  • Kwak, Young-Sil;Richmond, Arthur D.;Ahn, Byung-Ho;Won, Young-In
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.147-174
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    • 2005
  • To understand the physical processes that control the high-latitude lower thermospheric dynamics, we quantify the forces that are mainly responsible for maintaining the high-latitude lower thermospheric wind system with the aid of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR-TIEGCM). Momentum forcing is statistically analyzed in magnetic coordinates, and its behavior with respect to the magnitude and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is further examined. By subtracting the values with zero IMF from those with non-zero IMF, we obtained the difference winds and forces in the high-latitude 1ower thermosphere(<180 km). They show a simple structure over the polar cap and auroral regions for positive($B_y$ > 0.8|$\overline{B}_z$ |) or negative($B_y$ < -0.8|$\overline{B}_z$|) IMF-$\overline{B}_y$ conditions, with maximum values appearing around -80$^{\circ}$ magnetic latitude. Difference winds and difference forces for negative and positive $\overline{B}_y$ have an opposite sign and similar strength each other. For positive($B_z$ > 0.3125|$\overline{B}_y$|) or negative($B_z$ < -0.3125|$\overline{B}_y$|) IMF-$\overline{B}_z$ conditions the difference winds and difference forces are noted to subauroral latitudes. Difference winds and difference forces for negative $\overline{B}_z$ have an opposite sign to positive $\overline{B}_z$ condition. Those for negative $\overline{B}_z$ are stronger than those for positive indicating that negative $\overline{B}_z$ has a stronger effect on the winds and momentum forces than does positive $\overline{B}_z$ At higher altitudes(>125 km) the primary forces that determine the variations of tile neutral winds are the pressure gradient, Coriolis and rotational Pedersen ion drag forces; however, at various locations and times significant contributions can be made by the horizontal advection force. On the other hand, at lower altitudes(108-125 km) the pressure gradient, Coriolis and non-rotational Hall ion drag forces determine the variations of the neutral winds. At lower altitudes(<108 km) it tends to generate a geostrophic motion with the balance between the pressure gradient and Coriolis forces. The northward component of IMF By-dependent average momentum forces act more significantly on the neutral motion except for the ion drag. At lower altitudes(108-425 km) for negative IMF-$\overline{B}_y$ condition the ion drag force tends to generate a warm clockwise circulation with downward vertical motion associated with the adiabatic compress heating in the polar cap region. For positive IMF-$\overline{B}_y$ condition it tends to generate a cold anticlockwise circulation with upward vertical motion associated with the adiabatic expansion cooling in the polar cap region. For negative IMF-$\overline{B}_z$ the ion drag force tends to generate a cold anticlockwise circulation with upward vertical motion in the dawn sector. For positive IMF-$\overline{B}_z$ it tends to generate a warm clockwise circulation with downward vertical motion in the dawn sector.

Cloud-cell Tracking Analysis using Satellite Image of Extreme Heavy Snowfall in the Yeongdong Region (영동지역의 극한 대설에 대한 위성관측으로부터 구름 추적)

  • Cho, Young-Jun;Kwon, Tae-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.83-107
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    • 2014
  • This study presents spatial characteristics of cloud using satellite image in the extreme heavy snowfall of the Yeongdong region. 3 extreme heavy snowfall events in the Yeongdong region during the recent 12 years (2001 ~ 2012) are selected for which the fresh snow cover exceed 50 cm/day. Spatial characteristics (minimum brightness temperature; Tmin, cloud size, center of cloud-cell) of cloud are analyzed by tracking main cloud-cell related with these events. These characteristics are compared with radar precipitation in the Yeongdong region to investigate relationship between cloud and precipitation. The results are summarized as follows, selected extreme heavy snowfall events are associated with the isolated, well-developed, and small-scale convective cloud which is developing over the Yeongdong region or moving from over East Korea Bay to the Yeongdong region. During the period of main precipitation, cloud-cell Tmin is low ($-40{\sim}-50^{\circ}C$) and cloud area is small (17,000 ~ 40,000 $km^2$). Precipitation area (${\geq}$ 0.5 mm/hr) from radar also shows small and isolated shape (4,000 ~ 8,000 $km^2$). The locations of the cloud and precipitation are similar, but in there centers are located closely to the coast of the Yeongdong region. In all events the extreme heavy snowfall occur in the period a developed cloud-cell was moving into the coastal waters of the Yeongdong. However, it was found that developing stage of cloud and precipitation are not well matched each other in one of 3 events. Water vapor image shows that cloud-cell is developed on the northern edge of the dry(dark) region. Therefore, at the result analyzed from cloud and precipitation, selected extreme heavy snowfall events are associated with small-scale secondary cyclone or vortex, not explosive polar low. Detection and tracking small-scale cloud-cell in the real-time forecasting of the Yeongdong extreme heavy snowfall is important.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLAR IONOSPHERE DURING A MODERATELY DISTURBED PERIOD (지자기교란시 극전리층의 전자기적인 특성)

  • 안병호
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.216-233
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    • 1995
  • The distributions of the ionospheric conductivities, electric potential, ionospheric currents, field-aligned currents, Joule heating rate, and particle energy input rate by auroral electrons along with the characteristics of auroral particle spectrum are examined during moderately disturbed period by using the computer code developed by Kamide et al. (1981) and the ionospheric conductivity model developed by Ahn et al. (1995). Since the ground magnetic disturbance data are obtained from a single meridian chain of magnetometers (Alaska meridian chain) for an extended period of time (March 9 - April 27, 1978), they are expected to present the average picture of the electrodynamics over the entire polar ionosphere. A number of global features noted in this study are as follows: (1) The electric potential distribution is characterized by the so-called two cell convection pattern with the positive potential cell in the morning sector extending into the evening sector. (2) The auroral electrojet system is well developed during this time period with the signatures of DP-1 and DP-2 current systems being clearly discernable. It is also noted that the electric field seems to play a more important role than the ionospheric conductivity the conductivity over the poleward half of the westward electrojet in the morning sector while the conductivity enhancement seems to be more important over its equatorward half. (3) The global field-aligned current distribution pattern is quite comparable with the statistical result obtained by Iijima and Potemra (1976). However, the current density of Region 1 is much higher than that of Region 2 current at pointed out by pervious studies (e.g.; Kamide 1988). (4) The Joule heating occurs over a couple of island-like areas, one along the poleward side of the westward electrojet region in the afternoon sector. (5) The maximum average energy of precipitating electrons is found to be in the morning sector (07∼08 MLT) while the maximum energy flux is registered in the postmidnight sector (02 MLT). Thus auroral brightening and enhancement of ionospheric conductivity during disturbed period seem to be more closely associated with enhancement of particle flux rather than hardening of particle energy.

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A Study on the Lunar Ground Temperature Profile for Investigation of Possible Condition of the Ice Layer Existence in Sub-surface of the Moon (달 지하 얼음 층 존재 가능조건 검토를 위한 달 지반 온도 프로파일 산정 연구)

  • Go, Gyu-Hyun;Lee, Jangguen;Shin, Hyu-Soung
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.39 no.6
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    • pp.801-809
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    • 2019
  • NASA's lunar polar exploration mission in 2009 confirmed the presence of ice-layer in the permanently shadowed regions (PSR) of the moon. Since then, studies have been actively conducted to evaluate the ground characteristics for exploring the ice-layer in the polar regions of the Moon. In this study, transient heat transfer analysis for the lunar ground was conducted to predict the ground's temperature that varies with the time and location. As a result of the numerical analysis, it was confirmed that the temperature under the lunar ground converged to below the ice sublimation reference temperature (≒112 K) at above 86° latitude. This model enabled us to identify the regions where there is a high possibility of ice being buried. Besides, we found that the ice-layer in the shallow region, where the temperature deviation is significant, makes ground temperature distribution heterogeneous. Lastly, this study suggested the maximum allowable frictional heat of a drill bit that can preserve the phase of buried ice.

Variations of Biogenic Components in the Region off the Lutzow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica during the Last 700 Kyr (지난 70만 년 동안 동남극 Lutzow-Holm만 주변 해역의 생물기원 퇴적물 함량 변화)

  • Kim, Yeo-Hun;Katsuki, Kota;Suganuma, Yusuke;Ikehara, Minoru;Khim, Boo-Keun
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.211-221
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    • 2011
  • Contents of biogenic components [opal, $CaCO_3$, TOC (total organic carbon)] were measured in Core LHB-3PC sediments collected off Lutzow-Holm Bay, in order to understand glacial-interglacial cyclic variation of the high-latitude surface-water paleoproductivity, in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean. An age model was established from the correlation of ARM/IRM ratios of Core LHB-3PC with LR04 stack benthic ${\delta}^{18}O$ records, in complement with radiocarbon isotope ages and biostratigraphic Last Appearance Datum (LAD). The core-bottom age was estimated to be about 700 ka. Although the $CaCO_3$ content is very low less than 1.0% throughout the core, the opal and TOC contents show clear glacial-interglacial cyclic variation such that they are high during the interglacial periods (7.2-50.3% and 0.05-1.00%, respectively) and low during the glacial periods (5.2-25.2% and 0.01-0.68%, respectively). According to the spectral analysis, the variation of opal content is controlled mainly by eccentricity forcing and subsequently by obliquity forcing during the last 700 kyrs. The opal contents of Core LHB-3PC also represent the apparent Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT)-related climatic variation in the glacial-interglacial cycles. In particular, the orbital variation of the opal contents shows increasing amplitudes since marine isotope stage (MIS) 11, which defines one of the important paleoclimatic events during the late Quaternary, called the "Mid-Brunhes Event". Based on the variation of the opal contents in Core LHB-3PC, we suggest that the surface-water paleoproductivity in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean followed the orbital (glacial-interglacial) cycles, and was controlled mainly by the extent of sea ice distribution during the last 700 kyrs.

Dynamic Soil Properties of Frozen and Unfrozen Soils from Terra Nova Bay in Eastern Antarctica (동남극 테라노바만 흙 시료의 동결 및 비동결 상태에서의 동적특성 평가)

  • Kim, Jae-Hyun;Kwon, Yeong-Man;Park, Keunbo;Kim, YoungSeok;Kim, Dong-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.37-47
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    • 2017
  • The geotechnical characteristics of frozen ground is one of the key design issues for the construction of infrastructure in cold region. In this study, the dynamic properties (shear modulus and damping ratio) of frozen and unfrozen soils sampled from Terra Nova Bay located in eastern Antarctica, where Jang Bogo station was built, were investigated using Stokoe-type resonant column test (RC). In order to freeze the reconstituted soil specimen, the RC testing equipment was modified by adding a cooling system. A series of resonant column tests were performed in frozen and unfrozen soils with various soil densities and temperatures. The shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D) of soil frozen at $-7^{\circ}C$ were compared with those of unfrozen soil. In addition, the effect of temperature rise on the maximum shear modulus ($G_{max}$) and damping ratio was experimentally investigated. This study has significance in that the difference of dynamic soil properties between frozen and unfrozen soils and the effect of temperature rise on frozen soil were identified.

The Synthesis and Properties of Nonlinear Optical Polyquinonediimine Containing Mono-Azobenzene Group in the Side Chain (곁사슬에 모노-아조벤젠기를 갖는 비선형 광학 폴리퀴논디이민의 합성과 성질에 관한 연구)

  • 이상배;양정성;박동규
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.737-743
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    • 2000
  • Polyquinonediimines (PQDI) which have stable structure on heat and contains mono-azobenzene in the side chain were synthesized by means of condensation polymerization under TiCl$_4$. The synthesized monomers and polymers were identified by FT-IR, $^1$H-NMR, and elementary analysis. Especially, PQDI was comfirmed by the double-bonding peak of >C=N appeared near 1625 $cm^{-1}$ / by means of FT-IR spectrum. PQDI containing mono-azobenzene group in both side chains wat not soluble in non-polar solvents at all but partially soluble in the polar solvents having small dielectric constant, and dissolved in the strong acid such as sulfuric acid and $CH_3$SO$_3$H. Molecular weight distribution of PQDI measured by GPC showed 1.74. It was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis that the polymer was partially crystalline at the low angle region, but amorphous after heat treatment at 1$25^{\circ}C$. The glass transition temperature (T$_{g}$ ) of synthesized polymer was measured as 1$25^{\circ}C$ by differential scanning calorimetry. The SHG value for $\chi$$^{(2)}$ after poling at 1$25^{\circ}C$ was 8.6 pm/V (λ=1.542 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). The SHG value slowly decreased with time from the start but appeared temporal stability after 100 hours.

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STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF POLYOL ON MICROEMULSION GEL SYSTEM (Microemulsion gel system에 있어서 Polyol의 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Youn, J.;Jin, P.K.
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.132-149
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    • 1992
  • This study relates to a microemulsion gel which is applied in various cosmetic preparations because of good appearance, superior stability and a thin, uniform, non-greasy fi Am on the skin. Main object of this study is to elucidate the influence of polyol(clarifying agent and/or coupling agent in microemulsion) on microemulsion and to establish the optimum conditions for microemulsion gel formation in the view of superior consistency, stability, clarity and pick-up from a container. The constituents of the system are composed of water, polar ester oi1, nonionic surfactant and polyol. Using the three-component phase diagram and the tetrahedral-phase diagram, we have investigated the changes of transparence regions, consistency and resonance effect by an impact in microemulsion gel varying in polyol ratio. The results of this study showed that the variation in the content of water and couple ins agent has major influence on the microemulsion gel and the optimum formation region of microemulsion gel is the widest when the ratio of glycerine(coupling agent) to water is 63-75% It is believed that optimum use of polyol seems to be helpful to obtain the microemulsion gel containing maximum amount of oil phase with minimum amount of surfactant which is recently one of the major problems of cosmetic chemists.

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Surface Modification of Polystyrene (PS) by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (상압 플라즈마를 이용한 Polystyrene (PS)의 표면개절)

  • Lee, Jong-Su;Shin, Hyun-Seok;Seok, Jin-Woo;Jang, Gyu-Wan;Beag, Yeong-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2009
  • Hydrophilic Surface modification of Polysarene (PS) was performed by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (APP). Air or 0, gases were used for carrier gases and RF power was changed from 150 to 350 W. We controlled the treatment time as 1 time to 4 time passing through the plasma region. when the carrier gas was air, the water contact angle on the PS surface was decreased from $91^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$. And the surface energy increased from 45.74 dyne/cm to 68.48 dyne/cm. In case of the $O_2$ plasma treatment, at 300 W of RF power and 4 times treatment, the water contact angle on the PS. Surface was decreased from $91^{\circ}$ to $17^{\circ}$ and the surface energy was increased from 45.74 dyne/cm to 69.73 dyne/cm. The surface energy was increased by polar force not by dispersion force. Improvement of surface properties can be explained by the formation of new hydrophilic groups which is identified as C-O, C=O by XPS analysis. The contact angle of APP treated PS surface kept in air was increased with time elapse, but maintained same value when it was kept in water. We treated the PS surface by APP and deposited Cu as $4,000\;{\AA}$ and $8,000\;{\AA}$ by thermal evaporation. The adhesion between sample and Cu thin film improvement of treated PS surface against untreated sample. could be verifiable by Tape test (ASTM D3359)

The Estimation of Arctic Air Temperature in Summer Based on Machine Learning Approaches Using IABP Buoy and AMSR2 Satellite Data (기계학습 기반의 IABP 부이 자료와 AMSR2 위성영상을 이용한 여름철 북극 대기 온도 추정)

  • Han, Daehyeon;Kim, Young Jun;Im, Jungho;Lee, Sanggyun;Lee, Yeonsu;Kim, Hyun-cheol
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.34 no.6_2
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    • pp.1261-1272
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    • 2018
  • It is important to measure the Arctic surface air temperature because it plays a key-role in the exchange of energy between the ocean, sea ice, and the atmosphere. Although in-situ observations provide accurate measurements of air temperature, they are spatially limited to show the distribution of Arctic surface air temperature. In this study, we proposed machine learning-based models to estimate the Arctic surface air temperature in summer based on buoy data and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2)satellite data. Two machine learning approaches-random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM)-were used to estimate the air temperature twice a day according to AMSR2 observation time. Both RF and SVM showed $R^2$ of 0.84-0.88 and RMSE of $1.31-1.53^{\circ}C$. The results were compared to the surface air temperature and spatial distribution of the ERA-Interim reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). They tended to underestimate the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and the Baffin Bay region where no IABP buoy observations exist. This study showed both possibility and limitations of the empirical estimation of Arctic surface temperature using AMSR2 data.