• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.675-685
• /
• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool, the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for screening Overweight Dietary Patterns in people in their 20's. We used the data from the 20 to 29 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys: the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1998. The 1,493 adults were classified into two body fatness groups, that of normal (including the underweight) , and the overweight (including the obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing general variables between the two groups, significant differences (11 variables) were found in gender, sadness/depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, presently a smoker, everyday smoking habits, number of alcoholic drinks in the past month, and the number of alcoholic drinks when dunk, as well as snacking frequency and fatty food consumption. There were significant differences between the two groups in the three variables of daily soup/kuk, pan fried fish/meat/poultry and cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid in terms of cooked food intake, and 11 variables of food size, cooked rice, stews, vegetables and kimchi at breakfast, panfried foods and beverage/teas at lunch, cooked rice and stews (liquid) at dinner, cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid at snacks and cooked fishpaste/ham/dried squid at snack between lunch and dinner. In terms of raw food intake, we observed significant differences (8 variables) in daily food intake and grains, grains/vegetables/fishes (shellfish) at breakfast, meat at lunch and milt at snack after dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis using 34 variables, including these 33, plus eating-out frequency, we chose 10 questions for the simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight category, in order to give each one point each. Among them we assigned an additional point to one question and two points to another question. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the questionnaire developed, were 5.97 $\pm$ 2.36 and 7.36 $\pm$ 2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 49.3%,75.4% and 68.8%, respectively. The total score categorized as an overweight dietary pattern was 30.2%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2010

The objectives of this study were to i) investigate genetic performance for linear type traits of individual Holstein dairy cows, especially focusing on comparative traits, and to estimate genetic variances for these traits using actual data, and ii) compare genetic performance and improvement of progeny by birth country of the cows. Linear type traits defined with five comparative traits on this study were general stature composite (GSC), dairy capacity composite (DCC), body size composite (BSC), foot and leg composite (FLC), and udder composite (UDC). These traits were scored from 1 to 6 with 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = good plus, 5 = very good and 6 = excellent. Final scores (FS) were also included in this study. Data used was collected from the years 2000 to 2004 by the Korea Animal Improvement Association (KAIA). Only data of more than five tested cows by herd appraisal date and by sires having more than ten daughters were included to increase the reliability of the data analyses. A total of 30,204 records of the selected traits, which was collected from 26,701 individuals having pedigree information were used. Herd appraisal date, year of age, lactation stage (grouped by month), and time lagged for milking (in hours) were assumed as fixed effects on the model. Animal additive genetic effects considering pedigree relationship and residual errors were assumed with random effects. Year of age at appraisal date was classified from one to nine years of age, assigning the value of nine years of age for animals that were greater than or equal to nine years of age. From our results, the estimate for heritability was 0.463, 0.346, 0.473, 0.290, and 0.430 on GSC, DCC, BSC, FLC and UDC, respectively. The estimate for FS heritability was 0.539. The greatest breeding values for GSC were estimated for Canada, with the breeding values for American lines increasing for 10 years starting in 1989 but tending to decrease after that until 2004. For DCC, the breeding values for American and Canadian lines showed similar patterns until 1999, after which the breeding values for the American lines declined sharply. For BSC, data from Korea, Canada and the USA followed similar trends overall except when the breeding values of the American lines decreased starting in 1999. Overall, the methods used to evaluate genetic performance in this study were acceptable and allowed for the discovery of differences by country of genetic origin, likely due in part to the American use of selection indexes based primarily on milk yield traits until methods for evaluating other traits began to emerge.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.228-233
• /
• 2008

Objective : The standard treatment strategy of intracranial aneurysms includes either endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. In certain situations such as in giant or dissecting aneurysms, bypass surgery followed by proximal occlusion or trapping of parent artery is required. Methods : The authors assessed the result of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms in one institute between 2003 and 2007 retrospectively to propose its role as treatment modality. The outcomes of 15 patients with complex aneurysms treated during the last 5 years were reviewed. Six male and 9 female patients, aged 14 to 76 years, presented with symptoms related to hemorrhage in 6 cases, transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 2 un ruptured cases, and permanent infarction in one, and compressive symptoms in 3 cases. Aneurysms were mainly in the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 11 cases, middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in one and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in one case. Results : The types of aneurysms were 8 cases of large to giant size aneurysms, 5 cases of ICA blood blister-like aneurysms, one dissecting aneurysm, and one pseudoaneurysm related to trauma. High-flow bypass surgery was done in 6 cases with radial artery graft (RAG) in five and saphenous vein graft (SVG) in one. Low-flow bypass was done in nine cases using superficial temporal artery (STA) in eight and occipital artery (OA) in one case. Parent artery occlusion was performed with clipping in 9 patients, with coiling in 4, and with balloon plus coil in 1. Direct aneurysm clip was done in one case. The follow up period ranged from 2 to 48 months (mean 15.0 months). There was no mortality case. The long-term clinical outcome measured by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) showed good or excellent outcome in 13/15. The overall surgery related morbidity was 20% (3/15) including 2 emergency bypass surgeries due to unexpected parent artery occlusion during direct clipping procedure. The short-term postoperative bypass graft patency rates were 100% but the long-term bypass patency rates were 86.7% (13/15). Nonetheless, there was no bypass surgery related morbidity due to occlusion of the graft. Conclusion : Revascularization technique is a pivotal armament in managing complex aneurysms and scrupulous prior planning is essential to successful outcomes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.328-333
• /
• 2000

The spore of Aspergillus niger KCTC-6144 was immobilized on alginate gel beads. When pumpkin powder was used with glucose for a medium of citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger beads, the beaded Aspergilus niger grew up inside the bead and mycelia penetrated through the pore of the bead membrane. The bead size became largely from 2.0∼2.5mm to 6∼8mm after growing at 30$\^{C}$ for 4 days. Studies of optimum culture conditions on citric acid fermentation using Aspergillus niger beads on pumpkin medium (pumpkin powder 1% +glucose 7%, pH 6.0) were carried out in submerged cultures on 250m1 Erlenmeyer flask. As a result, it was found that to reinforce 12% as carbon source was good for citric acid production and that 1% pumpkin powder was good as nitrogen and mineral source in orbital shaker (150rpm) at 30$\^{C}$ for 5 days. The optimum initial pH on citric acid production was pH 6.0 and it was found that 100 beads of immobilized Aspergillus niger was adequate for citric acid production in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 50m3 of pumpkin medium solution with orbital shaker at 30$\^{C}$ for 5 days. We also found that maximal production of citric acid was 23.5g/ℓ at optimal condition (at 30$\^{C}$ for 5 days, pH 6.0, and 100 beads and medium containing 1% pumpkin powder plus 12% glucose).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 1998

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, the first intermediate of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. The enzyme was solubilized with 0.4% Brij (polyoxyethylene ether) W-1 from a microsomal fraction of etiolated rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) in which its maximal activity was observed on the fourth day after germination. HMGR was purified to near homogeneity by employing $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ fractionation plus chromatographic procedures including DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and HMG-CoA-hexane-agarose affinity column. The size of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 55 kDa when judged by SDS-PAGE analysis with silver staining method. The apparent $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values for HMG-CoA were determined to be $180\;{\mu}M$ and 107 pmol/min/mg, and those for NADPH were $810\;{\mu}M$ and 32.1 pmol/min/mg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.192-201
• /
• 2018

This study intends to find efficient support methods for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) especially in the increasingly important mobile sector. We investigated regarding perceptions of mobile sector-specific support programs and their current state of usage, and perceptions of the new mobile market and the present conditions of each stage of production based on analysis of a survey that included 204 respondents in each SMB to achieve this goal. Concretely, detections through this research were the reasons for non-selection of support businesses, the future prospective mobile business area, the company's own first-preference item and the reason for the preference, plus new mobile areas of willingness to apply the company's own product and its own first-preference item, and the reason for the preference. In addition, we found out covering costs and revenue size of the maximum-revenue product for each stage (from the first to the fourth stage), the kind of a product's execution method connected to the product (e.g. self-production, outsourcing to another company to produce a product), and the execution method for pre-products. We can suggest a policy regarding efficient support alternatives for SMBs related to the mobile sector thanks to these findings.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.790-798
• /
• 2020

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear. Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) could exert a favorable effect in a dehydroepian-drosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat model. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE significantly inhibited the elevation of body and ovary weights, the increase in number and size of ovarian cysts, and the elevation of serum testosterone and estradiol levels induced by DHEA. Pretreatment with KRGE also inhibited macrophage infiltration and enhanced mRNA expression levels of chemokines [interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ovaries induced by DHEA. It also prevented the reduction in mRNA expression of growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta (EGF, TGF-β)) related to inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell pathway and stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 pathway. Interestingly, KRGE or representative ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(s)) inhibited the activity of inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS, cytosolic p-IκB, and nuclear p-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they increased nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These results provide that KRGE could prevent DHEA-induced PCOS via antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, KRGE may be used in preventive and therapeutic strategies for PCOS-like symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.70 no.1
• /
• pp.72-76
• /
• 1985

Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa cuttings in nursery bed were inoculated with mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) to evaluate effectiveness of the fungus in growth stimulation of poplar. Pt was cultured in 1l glass bottles with vermiculite-peatmoss mixture moistened with modified Melin-Norkrans' solution. The nursery bed was arranged for microplots of $1{\times}2m$ in size and fumigated with methyl bromide before inoculation and cutting placement. Fifty cuttings were placed in each microplot and two treatments (fumigation only and fumigation plus Pt inoculation) were replicated three times. At the end of the first growing season, inoculated plants grew 19% faster in height and produced 49% more dry weight (above-ground portion) than uninoculated plants. Survival rate of inoculated cuttings was also improved by 20% over that of uninoculated cuttings. Inoculated cuttings developed abundant fine root system with golden brown zigzag tips. In the middle of September a sporocarp of Pt was produced from an inoculated plot, suggesting successful establishment of mycorrhiza between poplar and Pt fungus.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.1A
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2004

Serial ATA interface Is inexpensive comparatively and performance is superior. So it is suitable technology in demand that now require data transmission and throughput of high speed. This paper describes a design and implementation of Serial ATA Link layer about error detection and 8b/10b encoder/decoder for DC balance in frequency 150MHz. The 8b/10b Encoder is partitioned into a 5b/6b plus a 3b/4b coder. The logical model of the block is described by using Verilog HDL at register transistor level and the verified HDL is synthesized using standard cell libraries. And it is fabricated with $0.35{\mu}m$ Standard CMOS Cell library and the chip size is about $1500{\mu}m\;*\;1500{\mu}m$. The function of this chip has been verified and tested using testboard with FPGA equipment and IDEC ATS2 test equipment. It is used to frequency of 100MHz in verification processes and supply voltage 3.3V. The result of testing is well on the system clock 100MHz. The designed and verified each blocks may be used IP in the field of high speed serial data communication.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 2012

Franchising has long been an effective form of distribution that is used primarily by manufacturers whose product lines are especially suited exclusive or highly selective distribution. By IFA(International Franchise Association), franchising is defined as a continuing relationship in which the franchisor provides a licensed privilege to do business, plus assistance in organizing, training, merchandising, and management in return for a consideration from the franchisee. Thus franchising is a method for the owner(franchisor) of product, service, or method to obtain retail or wholesale distribution through licensed, affiliated dealers(franchisees). With rapid increase of franchising industry globally, franchising industry is very rapidly increasing especially in the sector of outdoor restaurant industry in Korea. But there are many problems to be settled for promoting this industry. For example, the industry is too much lean outdoor restaurant industry. With franchisors' short history and lack of management capacity, shortage of distribution infrastructure, smaller size of franchising system, and low trust between franchisor and franchisee, and so on, the industry has many barriers to overcome for promoting it. Here we are suggesting that taxation benefaction, monetary support for the starting franchisee, establishment of fair trade principle, promoting information system and professional human resource should be needed.