• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2001

Korea mountain ginseng known as oriental miracle drug is an important medicinal plant. The effect of mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract has been described. The valuable root of mountain ginseng contained several kinds of ginsenosides that have been confirmed to have many active functions for the human body. However, the study of mountain ginseng has a limit because the price of wild ginseng is very expensive and rare. The mountain ginseng adventitious roots were derived from mountain ginseng callus that were induced from mountain ginseng roots. Adventitious roots were separated from callus and grown in solid media(Murachige and stoog media). It was cultured in a 20L bioreactor. After culturing for 40days, adventitious roots were harvested. Afterwards the harvested mountain ginseng adventitious roots were dryed and extracted. We examined the effect on melanogenesis of mountain ginseng adventitious roots extract. Here, we report the inhibitory effect of melanin biosynthesis on the adventitious roots extract of In vitro test. Also, we assessed the safety of adventitious roots extract. In vitro, cytotoxicity of adventitious roots extract was assessed in mouse fibroblast using two method: The neutral red uptake assay and the MTT assay. In vivo, the allergic and irritant were Patch teated in 30 patients. Consequently, extract of mountain ginseng adventitious roots have inhibitory effect on melanin biosynthesis in B-16 melanoma cell test, tyrosinase inhibitory test and DOPA auto-oxidation test. There were decreased 86%(0.5% concentration), 45%(1% concentration) and 61%(1% concentration), respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1973

1. Through out the entire stage of growth, the amount of nutrients, number of tillers and of spikes increased in the Simagcalin treated plot as compared with the control. The treated plot showed healthul growth at the later growing stage. On the other hand, management of irrigation water resulted in raised the grain straw ratio and retarded the culm height about 10%. 2. Application of Simagcalin greatly increased the content of phosphorus and magnesium at the harvesting time. The culm and sheath analyses are recommendable for the determination of magnesium deficiency. 3. The controled irrigation would effect root activity as the main factor, and Simagcalin might act as a secondary factor. 4. While the application of phosphorus may not affect the yield components, The basic elements in Simagcalin may enhance the uptake of nutrients under heavy application of nitrogn.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

The amount of TPH contaminated soil treated at off-site remediation facilities is ever increasing. For the recycle of the treated-soil on farmlands, it is necessary to restore biological and physico-chemical soil characteristics and to remove residual TPH in the soil by an economic polishing treatment method such as phytoremediation. In this study, a series of experiments was performed to select suitable plant species and to devise a proper planting method for the phyto-restoration of TPH-treated soil. Rye (Secale cereale) was selected as test species through a germination test, among 5 other plants. Five 7-day-old rye seedlings were planted in a plastic pot, 20 cm in height and 15 cm in diameter. The pot was filled with TPH-treated soil (residual TPH of 1,118 mg/kg) up to 15 cm, and upper 5 cm was filled with horticulture soil to prevent TPH toxic effects and to act as root growth zone. The planted pot was cultivated in a greenhouse for 38 days along with the control that rye planted in a normal soil and the blank with no plants. After 38 days, the above-ground biomass of rye in the TPH-treated soil was 30.6% less than that in the control, however, the photosynthetic activity of the leaf remained equal on both treatments. Soil DHA (dehydrogenase activity) increased 186 times in the rye treatment compared to 10.8 times in the blank. The gross TPH removal (%) in the planted soil and the blank soil was 34.5% and 18.4%, respectively, resulting in 16.1% increase of net TPH removal. Promotion of microbial activity by root exudate, increase in soil permeability and air ventilation as well as direct uptake and degradation by planted rye may have contributed to the higher TPH removal rate. Therefore, planting rye on the TPH-treated soil with the root growth zone method showed both the potential of restoring biological soil properties and the possibility of residual TPH removal that may allow the recycle of the treated soil to farmlands.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1998

To investigate the changes of $NH_4-N$ in soil, nitrogen uptake by rice plant, nitrogen use efficiency and rice yield by the application of Latex Coated Urea(LCU) on direct seeding rice, rice was planted on paddy field, Jeonbuk series at the Honam area, from 1996 to 1997. Nitrogen in LCU applied as basal dressing in whole layer was dissolved almost untill non-productive stage. Thus, nitrogen deficiency symptom appeared and N in shoot was 1.75% showing 28.1 of SPAD value at heading stage. However percentage recovery of fertilizer N was higher in LCU than with urea application. Top dressing of urea at panicle initiation stage in addition to basal dressing of LCU, increased rice yield by 9%. Conventional split application of urea on the surface decreased the percentage recovery of fertilizer N to 56.9% of whole layer application plot.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

The investigation and the analysis of soil chemical properties, microbial flora and cultural practices in plastic house of 60 farms (pepper 20, cucumber 20, oriental melon 20) were conducted in Chonnam area film. An amount of fertilizer application of farms was more than that of standard fertilizer application. That was phosphate at two and a half times, potassium at twice and manure at three times the amount of standard application. It was inferred that excessive fertilizer application would lead to salts accumulation in soil. Continuous cropping injury would be incurred by excesive salts accumulation in soil. Even if inorganic elements in soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons were greater than optimum level, base-saturation degree of soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons was 40:18:12, 55:16:14 and 40:27:11 respectively. That was lower than the optimum levels (60:15:5). Therefore, crops would be affected by uptake inhibition by nutrition imbalance. Density of Fusarium is related to plant decease in soil i.e. pepper $26.2{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, cucumber $75.8{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and oriental melon $6.5{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$. B/F of soil planted with pepper, cucumber and oriental melon was 91.2, 80.4 and 18.8, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.194-201
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• 2005

Silicate (Si) fertilizers are well-known for soil amendment and to improve rice productivity as well as nitrogen efficiency. In this study, we investigated the possible reduction level of nitrogen fertilization for rice cultivation by amending Si fertilizer application. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on a silt loam soil, where three levels of nitrogen (0, 110 and $165kg\;ha^{-1}$) were selected and Si fertilizer as a slag type was applied at 0, 1 and 2 times of the recommendation level (available $SiO_2\;130mg\;kg^{-1}$). Application of Si fertilizer increased significantly the rice yield and nitrogen efficiency. With increasing N uptake of rice, 1 and 2 times of recommended levels of Si fertilization could decrease nitrogen application level to about 76 and $102kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ to produce the target yield, the maximum yield in the non-Si amended treatment. Silicate fertilizer improved soil pH and significantly increased available phosphate and Si contents. Conclusively, the Si fertilizer could be a good alternative source for soil amendment, restoring the soil nutrient balance and to reduce the nitrogen application level in rice cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.290-303
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• 2003

Modern agriculture has been heavily dependent on chemical fertilizers to meet the food demands of ever increasing population. Progressive depletion of major plant nutrients in soil due to intensive cultivation practices has also necessitated the use of higher dose of chemical fertilizers particularly in soils where the organic matter content is very low. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pressure on agriculturists to enhance per area crop yields has led to fast depletion of fossil fuel resources with concomitant increase in the prices of chemical fertilizers and also led to environmental pollution. Hence, the current trend throughout the world is to explore the possibility of using alternate nutrient sources or increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers by supplementing them with organic fertilizers and bioinoculants comprising largely microbes like, bacteria, fungi, algae etc to enhance nitrogen and phosphates in the soil thus creating a sustainable agricultural environment. Among the different microbial inoculants or biofertilizers, Azospirillum could be a potential candidate due to its non specific host root colonization. It had the capability to fix $N_2$ in wide pH regimes and even in presence of combined nitrogen. Azospirillum inoculation can increase the crop yield to 10-25% and substitute 25% of recommended doses of nitrogenous fertilizers. Apart from nitrogen fixation, Azospirillum is also involved in the root improvement, the activity which was attributed to an increase in the rate of water and mineral uptake by roots. The ability of Azospirillum to produce phytohormones was reported to enhance the root respiration rate, metabolism and root proliferation. They have also been reported to produce polyhydroxybutyrate, that can be used as a biodegradable thermosplastic. A lot of studies have addressed improvements in enhancing its efficiency to fix nitrogen fixation and hormone production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.371-377
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• 2004

Sulfate adsorption in forest soils is a process of sulfur dynamics playing an important role in plant uptake, cation movement, acid neutralization capacity and so on. The relationship between sulfate adsorption and some physicochemical properties of four forest soils was investigated. Extractable sulfate contents and sulfate adsorption capacity (SAC) in the forest soils varied much among study sites. Extractable sulfate contents were more in sub-surface soils with lower organic matter and greater Al and Fe oxides than in surface soils. The average contents of $Al_d$ and $Fe_d$ in the sub-surface soils were 8.49 and $12.45g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity and clay content were positively correlated with the extractable sulfate contents and SAC. Organic carbon content, however, was negatively correlated with the extractable sulfate contents, implying the competitive adsorption of sulfate with soil organic matter. Considerably significant correlation was found between inorganic + amorphous Al and Fe oxides and the sulfate adsorption, but crystalline Al and other fractions of Fe oxide showed no correlation. Relatively close relationship between the adsorbed sulfates and soil pH, cation exchange capacity, or amorphous Al oxides indicates that the accelerated soil acidification may substantially reduce the potential for sulfate adsorption contributing to sulfur flux in forest ecosystems.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to elucidate the proper suppling frequency of nutrient solution for grafted cactus Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii grown hydroponically without medium. Grafted cactus seedlings were planted onto the cultivation bed without medium, using labor-saving tray. The treatments like 1, 3, 5 and 7 times of nutrient solution supply per day and continuous soaking of plant root in the nutrient solution during the daytime were tested in summer and winter season. The growth of grafted cactus was worst in the treatment of one time supply of nutrient solution per day, and there were not significant difference in growth of grafted cactus among other treatments both in summer and winter season. 17.6% of grafted cactus seedlings failed to rooting in the treatment of one time supply of nutrient solution per day in winter season. The proper suppling frequency of nutrient solution, for the grafted cactus Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii grown hydroponically without medium, was three times supply of nutrient solution per day both in summer and winter seasons considering growth and rooting of plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1976

A field study was conducted to find out the optimum level of NPK fertilizers for pearl barley (Coix Lacryma-Jobi L.). The results are sumarized as follows. 1. When all of NPK fertilizers were increased together as 0-0-0, 6-3-3, 12-6-6-6 and 18-9-9 kg/10a of NPK, the grain yield also increased lineally. 2. When the level of two other elements were fixed at 12kg/10a for N and 6kg/10a for P and K, maximum yields were obtained at 12kg/10a of N and 6kg/10a of P and K. 3. Accordingly, with present results, it is difficult to point out the optimum levels of NPK. It seemed necessary to conduct another trial with expanded NPK levels. However it can be pc pointed out that the yield of pearl barley can be increased with higher levels of NPK fertilizers than 18-9-9 kg/10a at the similar soil used for present study. 4. The antagonism phenomena were observed between N and K in plant's uptake.