• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.spc1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1996

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in $0.1\%$ HCl-contained $80\%$ methanol or $0.5\%$ malic-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in $0.01\%$ citric-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<$5^{\circ}C$) condition and at pH $2.0\~4.0$. The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and $Pl^{w}$(purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and $Pl^{w}$ genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 1999

Safflower is an important medicinal plant that has been used in China, Korea and Japan for thousands of years. The red and yellow pigments obtained from the petals of safflower can invigorate blood, release stagnation and promote menstruation. In addition, these pigments are used safely in processed foods and soft drinks as naturally harmless rotor additives. On the other hand, the seed of safflower contains 30-40% oil with higher level of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatfy acid profiles and elevated levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol. In this paper, we describe advances in the production of pigments and $\alpha$-tocopherol by cell culture in safflower.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.827-836
• /
• 2013

Indigotin, indirubin, berberine, palmatine, alizarin, and purpurin are major pigments of indigo plant, Phellodendron bark, and madder. The six pigments were examined using the HPLC-DAD-MS instrument for the purpose of the simultaneous detection of the pigments in a single sample run. The HPLC-DAD-MS method examined the individual pigment solutions in DMSO, a solution containing 6 pigments, and the DMSO extract of the silk dyed with a dye solution of 5 pigments excluding indirubin. The retention times of the HPLC chromatograms, ${\lambda}_{max}$ of the uv-vis absorption bands in the DAD analyses, and the molecular ions detected for the compound peaks in the MSD analyses were consistent throughout the analyses of individual pigment solutions, mixed pigment solutions, and dye extracted from silk dyeing. The developed instrumental method of the simultaneous detection of six pigments can identify dye in an exhumed textile if the textile is dyed using any one (or multiple) pigments of indigo, Phellodendron bark, or madder plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.80-88
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to clarify the antimicrobial effects and radical scavenging activities of the cosmetic compositions having the natural plant pigments, and to enhance the natural materials utilization of cosmetics. The antimicrobial activities of the fifteen kinds of cosmetic composition having natural plant pigments were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. Most of the cosmetic composition having the natural pigments showed the clear zone formation of growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aspergillus flavus. Especially, purple sweet potato, bitter melon, mulberry leaf and gromwell showed the higher antimicrobial activities. All the cosmetic compositions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging capacity and nitrite scavenging ability activity. Both of the free radical DPPH and nitrite scavenging ability was the highest in the cosmetic compositions of onion peel, and these antioxidant activity was significant differences according to different plant pigments. In this study, we conjectured that the plant pigment had the potent biological activities, therefore these plant resources having functional components could be a good materials for development into source of natural cosmetics.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.190-193
• /
• 2001

Genipin, aglycone of geniposide isolated from fruits of Gardenia jasminoides, was transformed into blue pigments through reaction with glycine and methylamine. The blue pigments formed from glycine-reacted genipin were passed through Bio-Gel P-2 resin yielding fractions GG1 and GG2, and those from methylamine-reacted genipin were separated into fractions GM1-GM4. The first eluted higher molecular-weight fractions, GG1 and GM1, had higher tinctorial strength than the later eluted lower molecular-weight fractions, GG2 and GM2-GM4, respectively. $^1H-NMR$ spectra of GG1 and GM1 showed very broad peaks indicating that structures of the pigments were highly polymeric. $^1H-NMR$ spectra of GG2, GM3, and GM4 showed several sharp peaks at aliphatic and aromatic regions with accompanying broad peaks, although the spectrum of GM2 was rather simple. Determination of the structural and physical nature of the isolated pigments is in progress.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.353-360
• /
• 2009

The use of colorants as additives for foods and drinks is a significant factor to food consumers in determining the acceptability of processed foods. In recent years, the number of previously used artificial colorants/dyes suitable for food use has been drastically reduced as a result of toxicological studies. Therefore, the use of natural pigments such as anthocyanins and betacyanins that were known to have anticancer and antioxidant activities is increasingly required. In this study, the water-soluble plant pigments, anthocyanins and betacyanins, were easily extracted with a very simple method using a few organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, and chloroform. After the extraction of them, these two major plant pigments could be also simply and rapidly separated and discriminated by a solely one-stepped agarose gel electrophoresis in a citrate buffer (pH 3.0).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of antioxidant enzyme activity and radical scavenging activities of thirteen kinds of natural plant pigments. The analytic method of antioxidant activities were measured by estimating DPPH free radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging ability activity. The free radical scavenging activity by method using stable free radical DPPH was the highest in the red cabbaged pigment. Addition of ethanol extract 1mg/ml from onion peel pigment displayed remarkable effect on nitrite scavenging ability about 91.9%. Antioxidative enzyme activity was evaluated in terms of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) activity. The bitter melon pigment had the highest SOD activity of 87.3%. The activities of CAT and APX were higher in the mulberry leave pigment compared with other natural plant pigments. In contrast, CAT activity of plant pigment samples were unaffected. These results suggest that natural plant pigment had the potent biological activities such as antioxidant enzyme activities, and that their activities exhibited differently depending on each kind of pigments.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 1996.06a
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 1996

Fern gametophytes are a good model system to study plant morphogenesis, because of their simple organization and various photocontrolled responses. We studied fern photomorphogenesis including chloroplast photoorientation using Adiantum gametophytes to analyze signal transduction pathways of plant photomorphogenesis. Chloroplast photoorientation will be shown in detail and molecular structure of fern phytochromes and blue light absorbing pigments will also be discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of cut pear branches for dyeing materials, and the dyeability of pear flowers for pressed flowers using red, orange, and green edible pigments. There was a significant difference of E values among 0.1, 0.5 and $1.0{\%}$ diluted solutions of edible pigments for the cut pear branches coming into flowers. In the higher concentrations of dyeing solutions and the longer dyeing periods, a values with the red pigments increased from 2.37 to 31.22, b values with the orange pigments increased from 7.04 to 45.85, and a - values with the green pigments increased from -3.88 to -36. Bloomed pear branches were immersed in diluted solutions with red, orange and green pigments for forty five minutes. Pear branches immersed in $0.1{\%}$ and $0.5{\%}$ diluted solutions bloomed normally, and each of the flowers were dyed in the colors of the dyeing solutions, respectively. The dyeability of the bloomed pear branches immersed in water and dyeing solutions for one hundred and twenty minutes decreased compared with those treated with red, orange and green pigments and dyed immediately. The dyeability of flowers for the cut pear branches dyed immediately after cutting was significantly increased compared with that immersed in water and dyeing solutions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.253-257
• /
• 2002

The time-dependent changes of red pigments production in solid-state plant scale fermentor using barley cultured with Monascus sp., instead of rice which was traditionally used, were investigated in this study. A steady increase in the yield of red pigments in barley occurred between the 3rd and 6th days. The optimized conditions (inoculation volume = 6∼8%, initial pH = 6, air supply = 0.6∼0.8 m) promoted the production of red pigments. Short-time steaming of barley (< 20 min) decreased fungal growth and pigments production due to the insufficient gelatiniza-tion. The optical density of the red pigments under the optimized conditions was 120 at 500 ]nm per gram of barley. In addition, the metabolites from the fermented barley with Monucus sp. showed antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Barley was shown to be one of the best grain sources for solid-state fermentation with Monascu sp., fur obtaining natural pigments and also functional food materials.