• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Maeul-soop(Village forest) is a key element of Korean traditional village landscape historically and culturally. However, a number of Maeul-soops have been lost or declined due to various influences since the modern age. For this Maeul-soop that has a variety of conservation values including historical, cultural and ecological ones, attention and efforts for a systematic conservation and restoration of Maeul-soop are needed. The purpose of the present study is to provide information on ecological restoration and sustainable use and management of Maeul-soops based on component plant species, habitat and location characteristics of 499 Maeul-soops spread throughout Korea. Major six categories of threat factors to Maeul-soop ecosystem were identified and the influence of each factor was evaluated. For the evaluation of weight by threat factors for the influence on the vulnerability of Maeul-soop ecosystem, more three-dimensional analysis was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis method. In the results of evaluation using AHP analysis method, reduction of area, among six categories, was spotted as the biggest threat to existence of Maeul-soops. Next, changes in topography and soil environment were considered as a threat factor of qualitative changes in Maeul-soop ecosystem. Influence of vegetation structure and its qualitative changes on the loss or decline of Masul-soop was evaluated to be lower than that of changes in habitat. Based on weight of each factor, the figures were converted with 100 points being the highest score and the evaluation of vulnerability of Maeul-soop was conducted with the converted figures. In the result of evaluation of vulnerability of Maeul-soops, grade III showed the highest frequency and a normal distribution was formed from low grade to high grade. 38 Maeul-soops were evaluated as grade I which showed high naturality and 10 Maeul-soops were evaluated as grade V as their maintenance was threatened. Also in the results of evaluation of vulnerability of each Maeul-soop, restoration of Maeul-soop's own area was found as top priority to guarantee the sustainability of Maeul-soops. It was confirmed that there was a need to prepare a national level ecological response strategy for each vulnerability factor of Maeul-soop, which was important national ecological resources.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.799-808
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• 2021

This study was performed to investigate the extent of microbial contamination, the presence of enterotoxin genes, and the antibiotic susceptibility of Bacillus cereus in 58 red pepper plants and 43 environmental samples (soil, irrigation water, and gloves) associated with the plant cultivation. The detected counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were lower in these samples, as compared to the regulations of standards for foods; moreover, pathogens, such as E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp., were not detected. Genes encoding hemolysin BL enterotoxins (hblA, hblC, and hblD) as well as non-hemolytic enterotoxins (nheA, nheB, and nheC) were detected in 23 B. cereus specimens that were isolated from the test samples and had β-hemolytic activity. Interestingly, B. cereus is resistant to β-lactam and susceptible to non-β-lactam antibiotics. However, in this case, the isolated B. cereus specimens exhibited a shift from resistant to intermediate in response to cefotaxime and from susceptible to intermediate in case of rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Therefore, the levels of B. cereus should be monitored to detect changes in antibiotic susceptibility and guarantee their safety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.369-392
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• 2021

This study aimed to provide basic data for efficient flora management of vascular plants, halophytes, and naturalized plants in the Gwangpo Bay area in Sacheon city, Gyeongsangnam-do. The flora found in this area incorporated 520 taxa, including 93 families, 299 genera, 466 species, 3 subspecies, 41 varieties, and 10 forma, and accounted for approximately 10.6% of total vascular plants (4,884 species) in Korea. According to the survey, 76 species of Gramineae showed the highest frequency (14.6%), followed by 67 species of Compositae (12.8%), 34 species of Leguminosae (6.5%), 27 species of Cyperaceae (5.2%), and 22 species of Rosaceae (4.2%). Rare plant species designated by the Korea Forest Service were categorized into six taxa, including three taxa in the LC grade, one taxon in the CR grade, one taxon in the VU grade, and one taxon in the EN grade. Korea endemic plants belonged to nine taxa consisting of seven families, seven genera, and nine species. The special floristic plants included 44 taxa, including one taxon (Prunus yedoensis) in the V grade, four taxa in the IV grade, ten taxa in the III grade, six taxa in the II grade, and 23 taxa in the I grade. Naturalized plants included 62 taxa consisting of 15 families, 47 genera, 59 species and 3 varieties. Halophytes consisted of 27 taxa, including 13 families, 24 genera, 24 species, 2 varieties, 1 forma, which consisted of Atriplex gmelinii, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda maritima, and Lathyrus japonicus. Invasive alien species in the Gwangpo Bay area included seven taxa. Since Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Sicyos angulatus, andPaspalum distichum var. indutummay have harmful effects on native plants, these plants must be artificially controlled.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.82-96
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• 2019

This study evaluated the status of watershed health in Geum River Basin by SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrology and water quality. The watershed healthiness from watershed hydrology and stream water quality was calculated using multivariate normal distribution from 0(poor) to 1(good). Before evaluation of watershed healthiness, the SWAT calibration for 11 years(2005~2015) of streamflow(Q) at 5 locations with 0.50~0.77 average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency and suspended solid (SS), total nitrogen(T-N), and total phosphorus(T-P) at 3 locations with 0.67~0.94, 0.59~0.79, and 0.61~0.79 determination coefficient($R^2$) respectively. For 24 years (1985~2008) the spatiotemporal change of watershed healthiness was analyzed with calibarted SWAT and 5 land use data of 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2008. The 2008 SWAT results showed that the surface runoff increased by 40.6%, soil moisture and baseflow decreased by 6.8% and 3.0% respectively compared to 1985 reference year. The stream water quality of SS, T-N, and T-P increased by 29.2%, 9.3%, and 16.7% respectively by land development and agricultural activity. Based on the 1985 year land use condition. the 2008 watershed healthiness of hydrology and stream water quality decreased from 1 to 0.94 and 0.69 respectively. The results of this study be able to detect changes in watershed environment due to human activity compared to past natural conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.361-377
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to examine whether the guideline by the Ministry of Environment (ME) successfully and appropriately applied the IUCN Red List criteria at regional level and the rare and endangered national list considered eligible. A certain number of vascular plants, which are widely distributed in the world or in east Asia, deemed to be ineligible for assessment at a regional level as Not Applicable category (NA), because it occurs at very low numbers in South Korea. Among 377 vascular plant taxa evaluated by the ME, NA included 238 species, which represented 63.1%. The number of synonymized species or illegitimate name species were 13 species, which accounted for 3.4%. 21 species (9.3%) were threatened at global level and 103 species were possibly candidates species list for Red List assessments at regional level in the near future. The proportion of NA or waiting list was 66.6% among the list assessed by the ME. The most common errors involved incorrectly application of species extinction in case of population extinction in South Korea to the assessment and provided incorrect interpretation of the Red List criteria at regional level. The most assessments proposed by ME were not backed up without quantitative data quality, justifications, and sources. It is suggested that the risk of extinction should be reassessed at least in the Korean peninsula within the light of their overall distribution including far eastern Russia and North eastern China in north and for Japan and Taiwan in south for regional assessment. The results obtained here using the IUCN criteria at regional level showed that the list proposed by the ME produced an overestimation of the number of threatened vascular plants. Also, the misapplication of the term 'species extinction' for regional assessment was open to some degree of subjectivity and misinterpretation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.260-279
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• 2010

The analysis on bibliography and field investigation of Callipogon relictus Semenov, 1898 (Korean natural monument number 218) shows that the size varies from country to country, and Korean specimens, for which male is 85~120mm and female is 65~85mm, are found to be the largest. The average diameter and length of egg are 2.60mm and 6.72mm respectively. The larva has milky color and is about 100~150mm in length. The pupa is nearly 70~110mm. An adult generally appears from June to September in Korea in the broadleaf forest of lowland, whereas it appears from June to July in China. It is known that the pupa largely feed on the old tree trunk of Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) blume in Korea, but no such data have been reported in China and Russia, showing differences in host plants. While the larva period is not exactly known in Korea, it is reported to be two years in China. It appears that the species inhabits in very limited regions of approximately between geographical latitude $37.5^{\circ}{\sim}47.8^{\circ}$ and longitude $126^{\circ}{\sim}140^{\circ}$ including Korea, China and Russia. To conserve the long-horned beetle in Korea, this research drew out following some conclusions through analyzing the references and field survey data. First, it need to perform precise survey on the natural environment of occurring and collected area or place including host plant kinds, temperate, humidity, latitude, longitude etc. Second, habitat region must be designated as a restricted development area, and it need to exclude or reduce the damage factors to prosper reproduction of the species. Third, it is necessary to keep loosing cautiously artificial breeding individuals in the reported sites, not disturbing scope of natural populations. Fourth, it needs to educate or publicize many people importance and value of this species through many methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2019

To understand the floristic composition, vegetation structure, and population dynamics of Koelreuteria paniculata communities, which are native to Daegu, South Korea, a field survey was conducted in July 2018 using phytosociological and complete enumeration methods. Based on information on vegetation and trees of >5 cm diameter at breast height collected during the field survey, we classified the community types by species composition and analyzed their vegetation strata, relative importance value (MIV), life forms, species diversity, and population structure. The community was divided into the following three types: Ulmus parvifolia-Vitex negundo var. incisa subcommunity, Securinega suffruticosa subcommunity, and Clematis apiifolia community. The vegetation unit system was organized into one community group, two communities, and two subcommunities. Vegetation coverage of the tree layer was >85%, while the herbaceous layer was <10%. MIV of K. paniculata appeared to be extremely high within all vegetation strata, with 94.3 of the tree layer, 81.6 of the subtree layer, 75.5 of the shrub layer, and 60.0 of the herbaceous layer. The species diversity (H') was significantly different among the community types, and the C. apiifolia community (2.062) was approximately four times higher than the S. suffruticosa subcommunity (0.547). The overall representative life form types were "$MM-R_5-D_4{\cdot}D_2-e$,", but there were some differences in the disseminule form among the community types. The population structure of K. paniculata showed the reverse J-shaped distribution with a high density of young individuals and low density of larger individuals among all three community types, and because no plant species within the lower vegetation could replace K. paniculata, it was considered to be a sustainable population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.522-534
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to draw forth the tasks for establishing the right of native biology in Korea through the case study on 'Access on genetic resources and Benefit Sharing'. For this purpose, this study decided on its research subject by selecting Hoodia, on which ABS treaty was made the most recently, through the examination of the representative ABS precedents on plant species. This study analyzed the process background of ABS on Hoodia, and compared & analyzed the ABS procedures of 'Bonn Guidelines' adopted by the 6th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2002 and Hoodia case. Together with the ABS major issues in common drawn as a result of this analysis, and "Nagoya Protocol" adopted by the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, this study intended to shed a light on the impending tasks which Korea faces at present and its role relationship. The research results are as follows: 1. It is required that species habitats should be divided based on biological classification and its subsequent community should be established with the development of infrastructure such as a community's independent production, management and monitoring of bio-species. 2. There needs to be a designation of ABS National Focal Point for sharing of ABS-related general information, boosting of implementation of the relevant convention. 3. There needs to be the establishment of ABS convention system consequent on legislative, administrative, political procedures, and designation of the Competent National Authorities for the provision of the format of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and their contents assessment and confirmation. 4. There should be the establishment of integrated management system of ABS-related research and development of forest biological resources and its relevant research projects. 5. There should be information development through the distribution of responsibility and role between the ministries and offices concerned according to bio-resources, and there needs to be efforts in aiming for opening a working group of academic-industrial institutions for developing a mutually interchangeable system. 6. It's required that the efficient access between industrial circles and the people should be promoted by setting up ABS support center of biological resources in ministry and office's charge. 7. There should be a selection of a national supervisory organization for securement of the right of a local community and monitoring of ABS convention implementation, and a countermeasure system for preventing outflow of forest bioresources. Conclusively, it's judged that it will be possible to inquire into the countermeasures for the establishment of the native forest biology dominion through such research results.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.101-119
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• 2020

Recently, as a plan to improve the particulate matter and thermal environment in the city, urban forests acting as wind ventilation corridor(wind ventilation forest) are promoted nationwide. This study analyzed the conditions for the creation of wind ventilation forest(vulnerable areas of the particulate matter and thermal environment, distribution of wind ventilation forest, characteristics of ventilation corridor) of in Pyeongtae-si, one of the target cities of wind ventilation forest project. Based on the results, the direction of developing on the wind ventilation forest in Pyeongtaek-si was suggested. As a result of deriving areas vulnerable to particulate matter and thermal environment, it was most vulnerable in urban areas in the eastern area of Pyeongtaek-si. Especially, emissions were high from industrial complexes and roads such as the Pyeongtaek-si thermal power plant, ports, and the national road no. 1. The wind ventilation forest in Pyeongtaek-si was distributed with small-scale windgenerating forests, wind-spreading forests, and wind-connection forests fragmented and disconnected. The characteristic of the overall wind ventilation corridor in Pyeongtaek-si is that the cold air generated from Mt.Mubong, etc., strongly flowed into Pyeongtaek-si and flowed in the northwest direction. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve and expand the wind-generating forests in Pyeongtaek-si in the long term, and it was important to create wind-spreading forests and wind-connection forests so that cold air could flow into the vulnerable area. In addition, in industrial complexes and roads where particulate matter is generated, planting techniques should be applied to prevent the spread of particulate matte to surrounding areas by creating wind-spreading forests considering the particulate matter blocking. This study can be used not only as the basis data for wind ventilation forest project in Pyeongtaek-si, but also as the basis data for urban forest creation and management.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 2020

The vertical distribution and dispersion of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, were investigated within and between green pepper plants. We also tested the effect of an artificial bridge with threads on dispersal of P. persimilis between the plants. The extent of spread of T. urticae depended on its infested density and location. When 10 adults of T. urticae were inoculated on upper leaf, they stayed on the upper leaf until 5 days after inoculation. However, when 100 adults were inoculated on an upper leaf, they dispersed to the lower leaf within a day. In condition that 10 adults of T. urticae were inoculated on the lower leaf, they started to move toward upward within a day. In the absence of T. urticae, P. persimilis tended to move to the leaves where T. urticae was present when both T. urticae and P. persimilis were inoculated together within a plant. An artificial bridge with threads between two plants was helpful to disperse P. persimilis to neighboring plants. Therefore, it would be expected that the dispersal of P. persimilis can be promoted by supplying the artificial bridges among plants and by narrowing the distances between plants.