• Title/Summary/Keyword: Plane spacing

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X-ray diffractogram of clay treated with organic solvent (유기용매증기흡착에 의한 백토의 X-ray diffractogram의 변화)

  • 한관섭;박홍구
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.111-114
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    • 1973
  • Je-chun clay, Hwa-soon bentonite, and Hwa-soon montmorillonite were treated with treated with organic solvents, i.e., ethylene glycol, ethanol, n-hexane, dioxane, ethylene chlorohydrin and obtained X-ray diffractograms were compared with those of the original samples. Organic solvent was adsorbed on the basal plane surfaces of Je-chun clay, Hwa-soon bentonite, Hwa-soon montmorillonite and, as a result, the axis spacing ws increased, However, organic solvent did not affect the non-expanding lattice of Japanese acid clay and the basal plane remained unchanged.

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Joint Characteristics in Layered Rocks (층상 암석에서 절리의 특성 연구)

  • Chang, Tae-Woo
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.145-152
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    • 2009
  • Joints are planar tensile opening-mode fractures whose relative motion, as the fracture propagates, is perpendicular to bedding plane and occur in a systematic manner to form a joint set. This paper discusses the mechanical control of joint propagation, the relationship between join spacing and layer thickness, the join saturation, the frequency distribution of join spacing, the joint density, the cross joint, and the development mechanism of joint from a lot of recent joint studies in sedimentary rocks.

An Improvement of Closed-Form Formula for Mutual Impedance Computation

  • Son, Trinh-Van;Hwang, Keum Cheol;Park, Joon-Young;Kim, Seon-Joo;Shin, Jae-Ho
    • Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.240-244
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    • 2013
  • In this paper, we present an improvement of a closed-form formula for mutual impedance computation. Depending on the center-to-center spacing between two rectangular microstrip patch antennas, the mutual impedance formula is separated into two parts. The formula based on synthetic asymptote and variable separation is utilized for spacings of more than 0.5 ${\lambda}_0$. When the spacing is less than 0.5 ${\lambda}_0$, an approximate formula is proposed to improve the computation for closely spaced elements. Simulation results are compared to computational results of mutual impedances and mutual coupling coefficients as functions of normalized center-to-center spacing in both E- and H-plane coupling configurations. A good agreement between simulation and computation is achieved.

Measurement of In- plane Displacement by Speckle Photography and Image Processing (스펙클 포토그라피와 화상처리(畵像處理)에 의(依)한 면내변위(面內變位) 계측(計測))

  • Han, Eung-Kyo;Sumi, Seinosuke;Kim, Koung-Suk
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.37-45
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    • 1987
  • Speckle photography is a very useful method for measuring in-plane surface displacement. In its basic form, the object to be studied is illuminated with a divergent laser beam, and a double exposure photograph of the object is recorded, on a fine-grain film or plate, before and after the object is deformed, The magnitude and the direction of the displacement can then be obtained by measuring the spacing and the direction of the Young's fringe, which is produced by probing the developed negative with an unexpaned laser beam, and consists of a pattern of parallel equi-spaced dark bands. In this paper, a hybrid optical and electronic image processing is described-Young's fringe on the viewing screen is observed by a TV-camera and the 2-D video signal is converted from analog to digital and transfered to the computer where the spacing and direction of the fringes are calculated. Several examples of application show that the displacement magnitude and direction can be determined with an accuracy of $0.1{\mu}m\;and\;0.1^{\circ}$ respectively.

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Structural Analysis of Lamellar Plane in Three-Dimensional Crystal of $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ ($Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ 3차원 결정의 Lamellar면 구조분석)

  • Cheong, Gang-Won
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.111-120
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    • 1997
  • Cylinder-like crystals of $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ provide views parallel to the lamellar plane, from which parameters of lamellar stacking can be directly measured. These parameters were measured using different preparation methods. Assuming that molecular packing is the same, data from lamellar plane could supplement those obtained by tilting large, thin plate-like crystals. However, base on data obtained .by electron microscopy and x-ray powder patterns, the plate-like crystal may have another scheme for stacking the lamellar. The projection map (h, 0, 1) from cylinder-like crystals using cryoelectron microscopy suggest the lamellar spacing can be variable.

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Evaluation for Rock Cleavage Using Distribution of Microcrack Spacings (III) (미세균열의 간격 분포를 이용한 결의 평가 (III))

  • Park, Deok-Won
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.311-324
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    • 2016
  • The characteristics of the rock cleavage in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The evaluation for three quarrying planes and three rock cleavages was performed using the parameters such as (1) reduction ratio between the value of spacing and the value of length, (2) microcrack spacing frequency(N), (3) total spacing($1mm{\geq}$), (4) exponential constant(a), (5) magnitude of exponent(${\lambda}$), (6) mean spacing($S_{mean}$), (7) difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) between mean spacing and median spacing($S_{median}$) and (8) density of spacing. Especially the close dependence between the above spacing parameters and the parameters from the spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams was derived. The discrimination factors representing three quarrying planes and three rock cleavages were acquired through these mutual contrast. The analysis results of the research are summarized as follows. First, the reduction ratios of frequency(N), mean value, median value, the above difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) and density for three rock cleavages are in orders of G(grain, (G1 + G2)/2) < H(hardway, (H1 + H2)/2) < R(rift, (R1 + R2)/2), H < G $\ll$ R, H < G $\ll$ R, H < G < R and H < G $\ll$ R. The values of the above five parameters for three planes show the various orders of R'(rift plane) $\ll$ H'(hardway plane) < G'(grain plane), R' $\ll$ G' < H', R' < H' < G', R' < G' < H' and R' $\ll$ H' < G', respectively. Second, the values of (I) parameters(2, 3, 4 and 5) and (II) parameters(6, 7 and 8) are in orders of (I) H < G < R and (II) R < G < H. On the contrary, the values of the above two groups(I~II) of parameters for three planes show reverse orders. Third, to review the overall characteristics of the arrangement among the six diagrams, these diagrams show an order of R2 < R1 < G2 < G1 < H2 < H1 from the related chart. In other words, above six diagrams can be summarized in order of rift(R1 + R2) < grain(G1 + G2) < hardway(H1 + H2). These results indicate a relative magnitude of rock cleavage related to microcrack spacing. Especially, two parameters for each diagram, the above difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) and mean spacing, could provide advanced information for prediction the order of arrangement among the diagrams. Finally, the general chart for three planes and three rock cleavages were made. From the related chart, three exponential straight lines for three rock cleavages show an order of R(R1 + R2) < G(G1 + G2) < H(H1 + H2). On the contrary, three lines for three planes show an order of H'(R2 + G2) < G'(R1 + H2) < R'(G1 + H1). Consequently, correlation of the mutually reverse order between three planes and three rock cleavages can be drawn from the related chart.

Magnetic Properties and Relaxation of Vanadium Monolayer on Pd(001) Surface

  • Landge, Kalpana K.;Bialek, Beata;Lee, Jae-Il
    • Journal of Magnetics
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.45-50
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    • 2010
  • We investigated the magnetism of vanadium monolayers on a Pd(001) surface. The electronic structure and the magnetic properties of the V/Pd(001) system were determined with the use of the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method within the general gradient approximation. Three magnetic configurations were studied: non-, ferro-, and antiferromagnetic. From the total energy calculations, we found that the V/Pd(001) system is the most stable in the antiferromagnetic configuration. The importance of relaxation on the magnetic properties of the systems was also studied. It was found that the Pd(001) surface covered with a V monolayer undergoes considerable relaxation in which the spacing between Pd layers increases in all three magnetic configurations. Contrary to the Pd interlayer spacing, the distance between the V overlayer and the topmost Pd layer is reduced. The interlayer spacing between the V overlayer and the Pd surface layer is the largest for the antiferromagnetic configuration. In the relaxed antiferromagnetic structure, the magnitude of the calculated magnetic moments on the V atoms was $1.31\;{\mu}_B$. The presence of the vanadium monolayer does not affect the paramagnetic properties of the Pd(001) surface.

Performance Analysis of A Variable-Spacing Cesium Thermionic Energy Converter (열전변환 장치의 특성 분석에 대한 연구)

  • Lee, Deuk-Yong
    • The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.41 no.9
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    • pp.1085-1094
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    • 1992
  • A variable-spacing cesium thermionic energy conversion test station is designed and fabricated for the study of power generation. The diode is in the form of a guard-ringed plane-parallel geometry in which a polycrystalline rhenium emitter of 2 cmS02T area faces a radiation-cooled polycrystalline rhenium collector of 1.9 cmS02T area. The emission of plasma from heated refractory electrode metal is the driving reaction in the direct conversion of heat to electricity by thermionic energy conversion. The plasma is produced from electrons and positive ions formed simultaneously by thermionic emission and surface ionization of cesium atoms incident on the hot emitter from the cesium vapor in the diode. And high plasma density causes plasma multiplication within the gap due to volume ionization that results in high power output. The variation of the saturation current of a Knudsen converter is investigated at an emitter-collector gap of 0.1 mm and an emitter temperatures. A maximum power output of 13.47 watta/cmS02T is observed at a collector temperature of 963 K and a cesium reservoir temperature of 603 K.

A Space-Tapering Approach for a Rectangular Array (직사각형 어레이를 위한 공간체감 방법)

  • Chang, Byong-Kun
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.115-122
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    • 1995
  • It is practical to taper the element (e.g., antenna or sensor) spacing with uniform weight rather than to taper the weights with uniform spacing. In a rectangular array, a triangular grid geometry of elements is more economical than a rectangular grid geometry in terms of reducing the number of elements. A space-tapering approach is proposed to improve the performance of a rectangular phased array with a triangular grid geometry of elements above a ground plane. The effects of space tapering on the main beam width and sidelobe level are discussed. It is shown that the proposed approach improves the sidelobe performance while the main beam width becomes a little broader.

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Design of Direct Coupled Combline Filter With Tapped Line in/output For Ku-band Satellite Transponder Downconverter (직접 결합 방식의 Tapped Line 입/출력을 갖는 Ku 대역 위성 중계기 주파수 변환기용 Combline 필터의 설계)

  • 염인복;정근욱;박광량;김재명
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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    • v.34D no.12
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    • pp.22-30
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    • 1997
  • The design procedure for direct coupled combline filter with tapped line in/out was summarized on Ku-band satellite frequency downconverter for stellite application. We calculated the resonator dimensions, spacing between successive resonators, ground plane spacing and tapping position of in/output lines in accordance with the given procedure. Partitions wer eemployed between adjacent resonators by inserting irises to improve filter response characteristis. The designed filter was manufactued with aluminum alloy package to reduce mass, and resonators wer machined from the filter body and in/output lines wer fixed on resonators with epoxy to survive in vibration conditon during launch.

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