• Carbon letters
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2014

A microstructure analysis is carried out to optimize the process parameters of a randomly oriented discrete length hybrid carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composite. The composite is fabricated by moulding of a slurry into a preform, followed by hot-pressing and carbonization. Heating rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and $3.3^{\circ}C/min$ and pressures of 5, 10, 15, and 20 MPa are applied during hot-pressing. Matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ratios of 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 are also considered. A microstructure analysis of the carbon/carbon compacts is performed for each variant. Higher heating rates give bloated compacts whereas low heating rates give bloating-free, fine microstructure compacts. The compacts fabricated at higher pressure have displayed side oozing of molten pitch and discrete length carbon fibers. The microstructure of the compacts fabricated at low pressure shows a lack of densification. The compacts with low matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ratios have insufficient bonding agent to bind the reinforcement whereas the higher matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ratio results in a plaster-like structure. Based on the microstructure analysis, a heating rate of $0.2^{\circ}C/min$, pressure of 15 MPa, and a matrix precursor to reinforcement ratio of 50:50 are found to be optimum w.r.t attaining bloating-free densification and processing time.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제53권5호
• /
• pp.343-352
• /
• 2016

In this study, a pre-swirl duct for the 180,000 DWT bulk carrier has been designed from a propulsion standpoint using CFD. The stern duct - designed by NMRI - was selected as the initial duct. The objective function is to minimize the value of delivered power in model scale. Design variables of the duct include duct angle, diameter, chord length, and vertical and horizontal displacements from the center. Design variables of the stators are blade number, arrangement angle, chord length, and pitch angle. A parametric design was carried out with the objective function obtained using CFD. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved; and the Reynolds stress model applied for the turbulent closure. A double body model is used for the treatment of free-surface. MRF and sliding mesh models have been applied to simulate the actuating propeller. A self-propulsion point has been obtained from the results of towing and self-propelled computations, i.e., form factor obtained from towing computation and towing forces obtained from self-propelled computations of two propeller rotating speeds. The reduction rate of the delivered power of the improved stern duct is 2.9%, whereas that of the initial stern duct is 1.3%. The pre-swirl duct with one inner stator in upper starboard and three outer stators in portside has been designed. The delivered power due to the designed pre-swirl duct is reduced by 5.8%.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2011

The scope of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of joining parameters on the microstructural features and mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminum alloys, 1mm-thickness fixing AA6K31 at the top position and fixing AA5J32 at the bottom position. The friction stir lap welds were studied under various welding conditions, rotation speed of 1000, 1250, 1500rpm and welding speed of 100, 300, 500, 700mm/min, respectively. Mechanical test has been investigated in terms of tensile shear test and hardness test. The results showed that three type nugget shapes such as onion ring, zigzag type, hooking with the void, have been observed with revolutionary pitch. All welding conditions fractured at the HAZ of top plate, A6K31 and also the strength compare with base metal of lap joints were low efficiency, 52~63%. The thickness of fractured position was decreased with the lower heat input conditions. The relationships were excellent due to linear between the effective thickness of fractured position and peak load. The fractured position was the interface between joint area and not joint area. Also the strength efficiency compared with base metal was lower than decreasing rate of thickness because the hardness was decreased at fractured position due to softened material.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2016

Introduction: Surgical robot is the alternative instrument that substitutes the difficult and precise surgical operation; should have intuitiveness operationally to transfer natural motions. There are limitations of hand motion derived from contacting mechanical handle in the surgical robot master interface such as mechanical singularity, isotropy, coupling problems. In this paper, we will confirm and verify the feasibility of intuitive Non-restraint master interface which tracking the hand motion using infra-red camera and only 3 reflective markers without the hardware handle for the surgical robot master interface. Materials & methods: We configured S/W and H/W system; arranged 6 infra-red cameras and attached 3 reflective markers on hands for measuring 3 dimensional coordinate then we find the 7 motions of grasp, yaw, pitch, roll, px, py, pz. And we connected Virtual-Master to the slave surgical robot(Laparobot) and observed the feasibility. To verify the result of motion, we compare the result of Non-restraint master and that of clinometer (and protractor) through measuring 0~180 degree, 10degree interval, 1000 samples and recorded standard deviation stands for error rate of the value. Results: We confirmed that the average angle values of Non-restraint master interface is accurately corresponds to the result of clinometer (and protractor) and have low error rates during motion. Investigation & Conclusion: In this paper, we confirmed the feasibility and accuracy of 3D Non-restraint master interface that can offer the intuitive motion of non-contact hardware handle. As a result, we can expect the high intuitiveness, dexterousness of surgical robot.

• 대한인간공학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2005

This paper investigates the effects of scene movements on cybersickness to develop the guidelines of scene movements in virtual environments. The types of scene movements were made for both scene navigations(through the axes of X: lateral, Y: fore & after, and Z: vertical) and scene rotations(by pitch, roll and yaw). And there were each three levels of speed; 2.7, 4.5 and 6.3 /s(for navigation), and 10, 20 and 30 /s(for rotation) were conducted. Twelve participants were exposed to each scene for 15 minutes, and three tests were performed to measure the degree of sickness. Before and after subjects were exposed to virtual environments, they were requested to describe their sickness symptoms by means of answering the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire(SSQ). And the postural stability tests, in which the Center of Pressure(COP) of subjects were traced and recorded by a 'force platform', were conducted. During the exposure on virtual environments, the subjects were requested to rate the degree of nausea. For both navigation and rotation, the effects of speeds and axes were significant in the SSQ scores and the nausea ratings, while it was not in the COP. The correlation between the SSQ scores and the COP data was not found. Therefore, it was inappropriate to use COP as a measure of cybersickness. The degree of sickness increased, except for the case of the yaw, as the speed increased. The sickness was most severe in the scene navigation through the axis X and in the scene rotation by the yaw.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2006

The present study investigates the effects of bleed flow on heat/mass transfer and pressure drop in a rotating channel with transverse rib turbulators. The hydraulic diameter $(D_h)$ of the square channel is 40.0mm. The bleed holes are located between the rib turbulators on leading surface and the hole diameter (d) is 4.5 mm. The square rib turbulators are installed on both leading and trailing surfaces. The rib-to-rib pitch is 10.0 times of the rib height(e) and the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio $(e/D_h)$ is 0.055. The tests were conducted at various rotation numbers (0, 0.2, 0.4), while the Reynolds number and the rate of bleed flow to main flow (BR) were fixed at 10,000 and $10\%$, respectively. The results suggest that the heat/mass transfer characteristics in the internal cooling passage are influenced by rib turbulators, bleed flow and the Coriolis force induced by rotation. For the rotating ribbed passage with bleed flow, the heat/mass transfer on the leading surface is hardly affected by bleed flow, but that on the trailing surface decreases due to the diminution of main flow. The results also show that the friction factor decreases with the bleed flow.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제28권5C호
• /
• pp.548-554
• /
• 2003

서로 다른 음성 부호화기를 사용하는 유/무선 통신망의 연동에서 각 음성 패킷간 효율적인 변환 과정이 필요하다. 이러한 패킷 변환 가정을 위해서 과거에는 이중 부/복호화 방식을 이용하였다. 그러나, 두 음성 부호화기가 이중 부/복호화 방식으로 연동될 경우, 음질 저하 및 계산량 증가, 부가적인 전달 지연 등의 문제가 발생한다. 이 논문에서는 유/무선 통신 시스템에서 널리 사용되는 ITU-T G.723.1［1］과 TIA IS-127 EVRC(Enhanced-Variable-Rate-Codec)［2］음성부호화기 간의 효과적인 연동을 위한 상호부호화 알고리듬을 제안하였다. 제안된 상호부호화 알고리듬은 크게 LSP(Line-Spectrum-Pairs) 변환, 개회로 피치 변환, 고속 적응코드북 검색, 고속 고정코드북 검색의 네 부분으로 나뉘어 진다. TMS320C62x DSP를 사용하여 구현해 본 결과, 제안된 상호부호화 알고리듬이 기존의 이중 부/복호화 과정에 비해 30%∼35% 정도 계산량을 개선하며, 적은 지연 시간으로 동등한 주/객관적 음질을 제공함을 확인하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제28권3C호
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 2003

본 논문에서는 기존에 제안한 바 있는 EHC(Efficient Harmonic-CELP) 부호화기에 기반한 이중 전송률(2.4/4.0 kbps)의 개선된 하모닉-CELP(Improved Harmonic-CELP: IHC) 음성 부호화기를 제안한다. 제안된 IHC는 유/무성음 판별에 따라 유성음에서는 하모닉 추정, 하모닉 양자화, 하모닉 합성 및 잡음 혼합을 통한 자연성 제어 등의 과정을 통해, 무성음에서는 고속 CELP 방식을 통해 음성신호를 부호화/복호화한다. 또한 제안된 IHC는 EHC의 유/무성음 판별과 하모닉 추정 성능을 개선한다. 피치 이득과 에너지 등을 이용한 유/무성음 판별은 프레임 내의 에너지 변화 등에 의해 재판별된다. 하모닉 부호화에서는 첨점 추출과 델타 조정 방법을 이용하여 정확한 하모닉 추정을 하고, 혼합하는 잡음의 대역과 양을 적절하게 조절하여 자연성을 제어한다. 제안된 IHC 부호화기에 성능평가 결과, 비교 부호화기인 HVXC 연산량의 약 40%이내의 연산량으로 우수한 음질을 보임을 확인하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 2011

In view of the hypothesis that the effects of Parkinson's disease on voice production can be detected before pharmacological intervention, the prosodic features of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and a healthy aging group were diagnostically analyzed with the long term object of establishing, for clinical purposes, early disease-progression biomarkers. Twenty patients (male 8; female 12) with IPD (prior to pharmacological intervention) and a healthy control group of 22 (male 10; female 12) were selected. Ten sentences were recorded with a head-worn microphone. One sentence was chosen for the analysis of this paper. Relevant parameters, i.e. 3-dimensional model (F0, intensity, duration) and pitch and intensity related slopes (maxEnergy, maxF0, meanAbS, semiT, meanEnergy, meanF0), were analyzed by two-group discriminant analysis. The stepwise estimation method of discriminant analysis was performed by gender. The discriminant functions predicted 83.9% of the male test data correctly while the prediction rate was 93.1% for the female group. The results showed that meanF0_slope and semiT_slope were more important parameters than the others for the male group. For the female group, the meanEnergy_slope and maxEnergy_slope were the important ones. These findings indicate that significant parameters are different for the male and female group. Gender lifestyle may be responsible for this difference. Dysprosodic features of IPD show not simultaneously but progressively in terms of F0, intensity and duration.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.248-254
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는 대역분할 광대역 음성 부호화기의 구조와 음질 향상을 위한 새로운 고대역 구조를 제안한다. 대역분할 방식에 의해 광대역 음성은 저대역 ($O\~4kHz$) 음성과 고대역 ($4\~8kHz$) 음성으로 나뉘어 지고 각각 G.729E와 MLT(Modulated Lapped Transform) 여기모델을 적용하여 서로 독립된 방식으로 부호화한다. 4kbps의 낮은 전송률로 부호화되는 고대역에서는 MLT 여기모델을 효율적으로 이용하기 위하여 유 무성음을 구별하였고 유성음에 대해서는 저대역 피치주기를 이용한 MLT peak picking 방법을 적용하였다. 즉, MLT 변환된 여기신호는 주기적인 피크를 갖는 주기신호로 나타나며 이때의 피크값을 추출하여 양자화하여 전송한다. 무성음에 대해서는 에너지 값에 따라 비트를 달리 적용하고, 선형예측 스펙트럴 응답이 가중된 MLT 벡터 양자화 방법을 적용하였다. 제안된 15.8kbps 광대역 음성 부호화기의 성능평가는 주관적인 음질평가로 선호도 테스트를 수행하였다.