• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.582-588
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• 2006

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the fermentation extract (PFE) and the 50 and 80% ethanol extracts (PE 50, PE 80) of Pinus densiflora pine needles were evaluated. Electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) ability, and antimicrobial activity were observed in PFE; those abilities differed in PE 80 and PE 50, depending on the ethanol concentration used for the extraction. PFE had the highest electron donating ability with a value of 92.20%, while PE 80 and PE 50 had values of 74.66 and 53.47%, respectively. For SOD activity, PE 80 exhibited a slightly higher value of 31.11% compared to that of PFE and PE 50, which were 29.65 and 25.43%, respectively. PFE, PE 50, and PE 80 were all found to inhibit bacteria, and the effectiveness of this inhibition was strongly related to the type of extracts used. PFE showed good antimicrobial effects for all of the tested Gram-positive strains and for most of the tested Gram-negative strains. These results suggest that PFE has superior functionality compared to the ethanol extracts (PE 80, PE 50), in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. On the basis of these results, pine needle fermentation extracts can be used for industrial applications as a functional material.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권4호통권161호
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• pp.264-268
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• 2005

참나무류 임분에 자연 발생한 잣나무와 인공 조림된 잣나무 침엽을 80% acetone과 DMSO(Dimethylsulfoxide)로 추출하여 측정한 엽록소 함량을 비교하였다. 80% acetone에 비해 DMSO로 추출한 총 엽록소 함량은 잣나무 침엽의 모든 연령에서 약 4-6배 높은 값을 나타했다. 또한 DMSO로 추출한 경우 상층 임관을 점유한 인공 조림된 잣나무와 하층에 생육하는 잣나무 간에는 총 엽록소 함량에 차이가 없었으며, 80% acetone으로 추출한 경우에도 역시 두 종류의 잣나무 사이에 연령별 총 엽록소 함량의 차이는 없었다. DMSO로 추출할 경우 자연 발생 잣나무와 인공 조림된 잣나무 침엽 모두 6시간의 추출이 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.256-259
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• 1999

Tyrosinase는 식물의 갈변현상에 관계가 있으며, 이의 방지를 위한 방법의 개발은 과학적인 관심사가 되고 있다. 솔잎으로부터 3개의 tyrosinase isozyme을 정제하여 그들의 활성에 영향을 주는 인자들을 분석하였다. L-ascorbic acid와 ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol은 효소의 활성을 크게 저해하였다. 또한 sodium diethyldithio-carbamate도 효소활성에 대한 경쟁적 저해제였으며, $K_i$ 값은 $P_1$(0.030 mM), $P_2$(0.015 mM), $P_3$(0.019 mM)이였다. 반면 대부분의 금속이온들은 효소활성을 증가시켰다. L-DOPA를 기질로 사용했을 때 효소의 최적 pH는 9.0~9.5이며, 최적 온도는 $55{\sim}60^{\circ}C$를 나타내었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.701-710
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• 1993

The pine needles, Pinus densiflow Sieb. et Zucc., which is a feed for goats showing a low incidence rate of cancer were evaluated to confirm the potent anticancer effects, with or without several conventional anticancer drugs. The pine needles collected from Mt. Buk-Han located near Seoul were extracted with 95% methanol and methand and concentrated. From the methanol extract, SOM-A, was extracted dichlormethane and SOM-B was extracted with ethyl acetate. SOM-C was extracted with distilled water. These extracts were tested for their antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Among them, SOM-A and SOM-C exhibited potent antitumor activities described as belows. 1. The cytotoxic effects of SOM-A and SOM-C were examined against in vitro cultured murine and humman tumor cells. SOM-A showed strong cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines and SOM-C showed strong cytotoxicity against murine tumor cell lines tested. 2. The antitumor effects of SOM-A and SOM-C were examined against P388 and L1210 of mouse ascitic tumors. The highest mean survival time(MST) ration was 151%(P388) for SOM-C(90mg/kg). 3. To compare the antitumor effects of SOM-A, SOM-B, and SOM-C against solid tumors, S-180 and Ehrlich carcinoma were implanted subcutaneously to mice on Day O. The drugs were given intraperitoneally to mice once a day on Days 1-20, and the tumor weights were measured on Day 21. SOM-A showed inhibition of tumor growth more than 50% in the experiment on S-180 and Ehrlich, and SOM-C also markedly inhibited tumor growth. However, SOM-B had no effect. 4. SOM-C combined with ${\alpha}$-interferon and SOM-C combined with Mitomycin-C enhanced the antitumor activities against murine ascitic tumors P388 leukemia.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.290-297
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• 2020

This study analyzed and compared the damage rate, natural parasitic rate, and the morphological characteristics of Thecodiplosis japonensis larvae, which inhabit forest areas as control areas to large urban areas in 2018 and 2019. This research was conducted to provide basic data for the management of Thecodiplosis japonensis, which harm pine needles, and the results were as follows. First, the gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis collected from urban areas was upper-crown 35.59% and 34.25%, mid-crown 25.57% and 27.95%, and lower-crown 25.34% and 26.61%; the gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis was in the order of upper-crown>mid-crown>lower-crown in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the control areas, the gall formation rates of Thecodiplosis japonensis in mountain villages in 2018 and 2019 were upper-crown 17.72% and 21.78%, mid-crown 13.85% and 16.97%, and lower-crown 15.12% and 15.79%; thus, in the order of upper-crown>lower-crown>mid-crown. The number of larvae in the galls of needles damaged by Thecodiplosis japonensis was as follows: the average number of larvae in the pine trees of urban areas was 9 and 8 in the upper-crown, 7 and 8 in the mid-crown, and 6 and 7 in the lower-crown respectively. This shows that the number of larvae was fewer in the lower-crown than the upper-crown, and that the number of larvae was higher in 2018 than in 2019. For natural parasitic rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis, the gall formation rate and natural parasitic rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis were surveyed; the natural parasitic rate was 12.5% and 11.8% in urban areas while the rate was 21.7% and 20.9% in mountain villages in respectively in 2018 and 2019.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

솔잎혹파리 (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) 침해(侵害)에 따른 생장(生長) 감소(減少)와 색소변이(色素變異)를 조사비교(調査比較)하기 위해 지난해에 솔잎혹파리 피해(被害)가 심(甚)한 지역(地域)-경기도(京畿道) 수원시(水原市) 파장동(巴場洞)-에서 감수성(感受性) 수종(樹種)인 소나무(Pinus densi flora S. et Z.)와 저항성(低抗性) 수종(樹種)인 리기다소나무(Pinus rigida Mill)를 대상으로 솔잎혹파리 침입전(侵入前), 후(後)의 침엽생장(針葉生長), 광합성능력(光合成能力) 및 호흡율(呼吸率), 엽록소(葉綠素) 그리고 carotenoid 및 anthocyanin 색소함량(色素含量)의 변화(變化)를 1983년年 6월(月)부터 10월(月)까지 월별(月別)로 조사(調査)하였으며, 또한 3, 4월(月)에는 토양(土壤)속에서 월동중(越冬中)인 유충(幼虫)과 9월(月)에 솔잎속에서 생장(生長)하는 유충(幼虫)의 carotenoid와 anthocyanin 색소(色素) 함량(含量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 침엽생장(針葉生)에 있어서 솔잎혹파리에 침해(侵害)를 받은 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)에 비(比)하여 소나무에 있어서는 48.1%. 리기다소나무에 있어서는 37.4%정도의 생장(生長) 감소(減少)를 보였다. 2) 광합성(光合成) 능력(能力)에 있어서는 두 수종(樹種) 모두 건전엽(健全葉)이 피해엽(被害葉)보다 높았으며, 소나무에서는 8월(月)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였으나 리기다소나무에서는 10월(月)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였다. 한편, 호흡율(呼吸率) 있어서는 리기다소나무가 소나무보다 높았으며, 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았다. 3) 엽록소(葉綠素) 함량(合量)에 있어서는 리기다소나무가 소나무보다 높았으며, 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았다. 4) 일반적(一般的)으로, 솔잎혹파리에 저항성(低抗性)인 리기다소나무가 감수성(感受性)인 소나무보다 carotenoid 함량(合量)이 많았다. 또한 토양중(土壤中) 유충(幼虫)에서는 carotenoid 함량(合量)이 0.094.mg/g, 충영(虫癭)속 유충(幼虫)에서는 0.092 mg/g을 보여 서로 비슷하였으며, 이는 침엽(針葉)에서 나타난 함량(含量)보다 적었다. 5) Anthocyanin 함량(含量)에 있어서는 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았으며, 특히 소나무의 충영엽(虫癭葉)에서 높게 나타난 것은 솔잎혹파리침해(侵害)의 자극(刺戟)으로 인한 함량(含量)의 증가(增加)이며 따라서 가을에 충영부위(虫癭部位)가 적갈색(赤褐色)으로 변(變)한다고 생각된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.46-48
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• 2005

Growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of green tea and pine needles on Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from spoiled red bean paste were detected at concentrations higher than 750 ppm, and antimicrobial activity of pine needle extract was slightly higher than that of green tea exract. Growth inhibitory effect of pine needle extract in nutrient broth adjusted to pH 6.0, water-activity 0.92, and $45\;^{\circ}$Brix was observed at 500 ppm. These results indicated growth of B. stearothermophilus could be inhibited by adding pine needle and green tea extracts.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2016

The extraction efficiency depending on the extracting methods and the conditions of extraction was investigated. The common steam extraction was compared to the distillation extraction method. The effects of the samples size and the extraction time on the extract yield were also investigated by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. One of the functional components of pine needle extract as the natural phenol base components were detected by the UV-VIS at around 235 nm wavelength range. The absorbance intensity at around 235 nm wavelength of the pine needle extract was used as the indicator of the extraction efficiency in this experiment. The distillation extraction showed the higher extract yield than the steam extraction. The grinding treatment of pine needles also resulted in the better extract performance, but the severe grinding showed a little decrease in the extract yield especially in case of the distillation extraction method. More than half of the extract was collected at the first stage of the extraction, that was the first 15 minutes in the total 60 minutes extraction.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2010

Flavonoids are known to be effective scavengers of free radicals. In particular, proanthocyanidins are flavonoids that possess cardiovascular protection, antioxidative activities, and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in the total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-hexane (HWH), and hot water-ethanol (HWE). Analysis of each extract indicated that the ethanol extract contained the highest proanthocyanidin concentration. The HWH and hexane extracts also contained relatively high concentrations of proanthocyanidin. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin content analyses out of the total polyphenolic compounds indicated that the HWH extract contained the highest content. These results suggest that HWH extraction is a suitable method to obtain an extract with a high level of pure proanthocyanidins and a relatively high yield. The HWH extract possessed superior activity in diverse antioxidative analyses such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferrous ion chelating (FIC), and ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) assays. In addition, upon assessing the effects of the pine needle extracts on macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell), the HWH extract exhibited the highest activity. In this study, we discerned an efficient extraction method to achieve relatively pure proanthocyanidins from pine needles and evaluated the biological functions of the resulting extract, which could potentially be used for its efficacious components in functional food products.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.25-35
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• 1992

환경시료중의 삼중수소준위를 조사하기 위하여, 국내 12개 지역에서 채취한 생물시료(쌀, 채소, 솔잎)중의 삼중수소를 분석하였다. 생물시료중의 삼중수소는 동결건조법과 건조시료의 연소법에 의해 조직자유수 삼중수소 (TFWT: Tissue-Free Water Tritium)와 조직결합수 삼중수소 (TBT: Tissue-bound tritium)로 분류 추출하였으며, 액 체 섬광계수기(Liquid Scintillation Counter)를 이용하여 각 시료중의 삼중수소를 측정하였다. TFWT 농도는 쌀의 경우 $0.96{\sim}3.96Bq/l$, 배추는 $0.83{\sim}3.40 Bq/l$, 솔잎의 경우는 $1.02{\sim}3.01 Bq/l$ 범위의 값을 나타내었으며, TBT/TFWT의 평균 농도비는 쌀의 경우 0.94,배추는 1.71, 솔잎은 1.39의 결과를 나타내었다. TBT/TFWT 농도비가 1보다 높은 이유는 TBT가 TFWT보다 식물체 내에서의 체류기 간이 길기 때문인 것으로 추측되며, TBT/TFWT의 농도비는 식물의 종류, 삼중수소에 대한 식물체의 피폭시간, 기온, 습도 및 대기확산 인자에 의해 크게 좌우된다.