• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.255-262
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• 1996

다양하고 복잡한 환경요인에 의해 발생된 산림쇠퇴에 대한 회복책의 하나로 1990년 11월부터 1993년 8월까지 3년에 걸쳐 서울시 중심에 위치한 남산과 광릉지역의 소나무 우점종인 군집에 석회, 마그네슘, 석회+마그네슘+ 복합비료를 시용한 후 소나무잎의 왁스함량, 접촉각 및 무기양이온 함량, 토양의 산도를 분석하여 시비처리의 효과를 알아보고자 실시한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 남산, 광릉지역 소나무잎의 왁스함량 및 접촉각값은 토양시비에 따라 증가하였고, 엽령이 증가함에 따라 접촉각값은 작아졌다. 2. 소나무잎의 K, Ca 함량은 남산에서 높았으나, Mg 함량은 광릉지역에서 높았다. 소나무잎의 K, Mg 함량은 남산과 광릉 모두 시비가 계속됨에 따라 증가하여 시비의 효과가 나타났다. 3. 토양산도는 남산지역이 pH 4.2$\sim$4.3, 광릉지역이 pH 4.6$\sim$4.9이였고, 토양시비처리에 따른 토양 산도는 변화가 없었다. 그러나 토양시비처리 기간이 경과함에 따라 무시비구에 비하여 시비처리구의 토양 pH가 상대적으로 높아지는 경향을 보였다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제10권1_2호
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• pp.36-40
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• 1967

1. The effect of the pH value on P32 absorption of leaves of three forest trees under the water culture is investigated. 2. The degree of the P32 absorption to the pH value is quite different in each forest tree. 3. The phosphorus contents are proved higher in the leaves of Quercus accutissima(the saw shaped oak) than in the leaves of Pinus densiflora(the red pine) and Lespedeza bicolar (bush clover). 4. Larger contents of phosphorus are found in acidity plots than in alkalinity. The leaves of treated plot of the pH 4 (red pine), of the pH 5.0 (bush clover), and of the pH 5.0-6.5 (saw shaped oak) have a higher nutrient capital as indicated by P32 compared with that of the other pH values. 5. It is also noticed that P32 absorption capacity is decreased with the higher pH values. 6. The content of P of leaves shows the lowest value in the plot of the pH 6.5 (pine), of the pH 7.5(bush clover), and of the pH 9.0(saw shaped oak). It is also noticed that the red pine is to do very well in acid cultivation and then follow bush clover and saw shaped oak in the order.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 1996

This study was conducted for the assessment of the effects of acid rain and soil fertilizers on photosynthetic rate, was content, and contact angle on 5-year seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves. The seedlings were exposed to pH 3.0 (simulated acid rain), pH 6.5 (groung water) and rain (pH around 4.6). The seedlings were also treated with $Ca(OH)_2, Mg(OH)_2, and Ca(OH)_2 + Mg(OH)_2 + C.F.(compound fertilizer)$. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, was content, contact angle value, and mineral nutrient content of the leaves were measured and the results were as follows: 1. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the leaves increased with the increase of pH. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with application of soil fertilizer in the pH 3.0 treatment, but showed no changes in the rain and the pH 6.5. 2. Contact angle value and was content of the leaves did not change with the pH treatment, but increased with the fertilizer treatments. 3. Mineral nutrient contents of the leaves were lowest in the rain treatment and highest in the pH 6.5 treatment. The increase of mineral nutrient contents was observed with the soil fertilizer treatments.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various leaf powders on chocolate by analyzing quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics. Methods: Pine needles, mulberry leaves, ramie leaves, barley leaves, and squash leaves were freeze-dried, powdered, and added to the chocolate. Results: Water contents of all leaf powder-added groups were significantly higher than that of the control (15.78%). The pH values of chocolate with leaf powder were lower than that of the control (6.33) while that of mulberry leaf chocolate (6.56) was higher than that of the control. In color measurement, L-value, a-value, and b-value were highest in pine needle chocolate (30.31, 3.52, and 4.78, respectively). The ${\Delta}E$ value (total color difference compared to white board) was the highest in squash leaf chocolate (69.51) and significantly different from that of the control (67.69). The hardness of leaf powder-added chocolate was lower than that of the control (6.84 N), except for pine needles. In the antioxidant activity analysis, chocolate with pine needles and squash leaves had higher polyphenols, flavonoids, and ABTS radical scavenging antioxidant activity than those of the control. Overall consumer acceptability was the most preferred in the control compared to the other groups. However, chocolate with mulberry and barley leaves also received high scores (5.60 and 5.40, respectively) for overall acceptability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that chocolate with barley leaves is desirable for making functional chocolate due to its high consumer preference and positive effects on improving antioxidant activities.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2001

This study was carried out to observe the changes of Oiji quality during fermentation by preparing the samples with various functional ingredients (Chinese pepper(Sancho), onion, pine leaves) exerting antimicrobial effect. The pH values of all experiment groups decreased significantly in proportion to the ripening period(P＜0.05). Control and Chinese pepper-added groups showed a rapid decrease in pH after 5 days of ripening, and Onion- and Pine leaves-added groups after 3 days of ripening. All experimental groups showed the lowest pH value at the 20th day of ripening. Rapid permeation of salt solution occured in all groups at the 3rd day of ripening. But the increase rate of salt permeation decreased gradually after 3 days of ripening. Lightness and redness in color decreased gradually in all groups, but the redness of Pine leaves-added group increased at the 30th day of ripening. Yellowness of control group was higher than that of others after 10 days of ripening(P＜0.05), and the yellowness of pine leaves-added Oiji was the lowest among all after 5 days of ripening(P<0.05). The maximum cutting force of raw cucumber was observed at stem end followed by blossom end and middle part, and the Oiji samples also showed the same order at the early stage of ripening. In general, maximum cutting force of minor ingredient-added Oiji was higher than that of control and maximum cutting force was decreased at the 30th day of ripening. Onion-added group showed the highest value among all at the 40th day of ripening. Chinese pepper-added group was ranked low, but onion- and pine leaves-added groups were ranked high in sensory evaluation.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.446-455
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• 1995

쌀가루만을 주재료로한 절편떡에 옛부터 구황식품과 민간요법의 약용 식물인 쑥과 솔잎을 부원료로 첨가해 왔다. 따라서 이들 부원료를 첨가하였을 때의 영양학적 특성실험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 절편 재료의 일반 성분 함량은 쌀가루에 비해 쑥 및 솔잎 첨가구가 조단백질, 조회분, 조지방에서 더 높은 함량을 보였다. pH는 쌀가루가 6.4, 쑥이 6.8, 솔잎이 3.5였고, 쌀가루에 솔잎을 첨가한 시험군은 더 낮은 pH를 나타내 었다. 2. 절편재료의 유리당 함량은 쌀가루가 0.9% ,쑥은0.3%,솔잎이 2.7%로 솔잎이 가장 높았고 쑥은 건물량으로 환산시에는 쌀가루보다 높은 함량을 보였다. 3. 절편재료의 총아미노산 함량은 쑥이 4.8%로 가장 높았고 쌀가루와 솔잎은 각각 4.2%, 2.9%로 쌀가루가 더 높았으나 건물량 환산시에는 솔잎이 다소 높게 측정되었다. 쑥 첨가구에서는 쌀가루단독 보다 Iysine이 높은 함량을 보였고, 총 아미노산 함량도 높았다. 솔잎 첨가구에서는 aspartic acid, leusine, Iysine, arginine 등이 높은 함량을 보였다. 유리아미노산 함량도 쑥과 솔잎이 쌀가루보다 약 2배 정도였다. 4. 무기질은 쌀가루가 K > Na > Mg > Ca 순이었고 쑥은 Mg의 함량이 가장 높고 Ca은 쌀가루에 비해 약 80배 이상 높았다. 솔잎은 K>Ca>Mg>Na순이고솔잎 역시 높은 Ca 함량을 나타내었다. 쑥첨가구와 솔잎 첨가구 모두 쌀가루 단독 사용구 보다 Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn 8종의 무기질에서 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 5. 절편의 조직감 변화에서 견고성과 부서짐성은 부원료 첨가구보다 휜 절편이 더 높은 증가를 보였다. 부 착성은 휜 절편이 0.68로 가장 높고 부원료 첨가량이 많을수록 저하되었다. 응집성은 쑥 15%, 솔잎 2.5% 첨 가구가 가장 높았으며 횐 절편이 가장 낮게 측정되었고 탄성은 쑥 7.5％ 첨가구가 0.99로 가장 높은 탄성을보였고 쑥 15%와 솔잎 2.5% 첨가구는 비슷하였다. 씹힘성과 껌성은 쑥 15％첨가군이 가장 낮았고 나머지 시험구는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 6. 첨가량을 달리하여 제조된 절편의 관능적 품질평가 결과 색택, 조직감 및 전반적인 기호성에 있어서 쑥7.5% 첨가구가 가장 높은 평점을 얻었다( < 0.01). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 부원료로 쑥과 솔잎을 첨가하여 제조한 전통음식 절편은본실험에서 분석된 영양성분 모두 쌀에 비해서 더 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 쑥 첨가군은 텍스처와 풍미에서 높은 평점을 나타내었다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, pine trees have been used as medicines for Taeyangin and a pine-nuts tree for Taeumin. However, there has been some misunderstandings in interpretation as the Koreans referred to back(栢) as pine-nuts tree as well as cheukback(측백) tree. Also, we have disputed over how to translate songback(松栢). Regarding this dispute, 1 came to the following conclusion based on a research with exactitude. 1. Songja (松子), Songjain(松子仁), Songsil(松實) means Pinus Koraiensis(잣), not a pine .one. 2. Backja(栢子) is a fruit of Cheukback(측백) tree, not of a pinus koraiensis(잣). 3. Some part of 'yulsunjun(列仙傳)' quoted to explain pine-nuts in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目) was misrepresented. 4. In regard to the record that a court lady of Chin(秦) Dynasty lived for bundle of years, Galhong(葛洪) made a mistake by saying that she took pine needles and a Pinus Koraiensis in 'Pobakja(抱朴子)', while saying that she took pine needles and leaves of Cheukback(측백) tree in 'Joohoobigeupbang(　後備急方). Also He made a mistake by saying that took pine needles and leaves of cheukback(측백) tree in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目). 5. Songback(松栢), which was referred to in the Analects of Confucius(論語) and the historical annals(史記), should be understood as an old pine tree with a hard quality of the lumber and evergreen, .rather than 'a pine tree and a pine-nuts tree' or 'a pine tree and Cheukback(측백) tree'. 6. Although 'Songback(松栢) mentioned in a book on medicine were sometimes considered as 'a pine-nuts tree' and 'Cheukback(측백) tree' or 'a pine tree and .Cheukback(측백) tree,' it should be regarded as an old pine tree in most cases.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2002

멥쌀가루에 첨가되는 솔잎가루의 양, 당의 종류와 양, 물의 양의 차이가 솔설기의 관능적 특성과 텍스쳐에 미치는 영향을 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 관능평가 결과, 색과 향기는 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 10.5g(3%), 설탕 60g을 첨가한 군(A03S)이 유의하게 가장 좋다고 평가되었고(p〈0.05), 거친정도, 촉촉한정도, 쫄깃한정도는 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g(1%), 꿀 80m1를 첨가한 군(A01H)이 유의하게 가장 높게 평가되었고(p〈0.05), 단정도는 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 7g(2%), 설탕 60g을 첨가한 군(A02S)이 유의하게 가장 달다고 평가되었다(P<0.05). 바람직한 정도는 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g(1%), 꿀 80m1를 첨가한 군(A01H)이 유의하게 가장 좋다고 평가되었다(p〈0.05). 솔잎가루 1, 2, 3% 첨가한 순으로 좋다고 평가되었으며, 선호도가 높게 평가된 솔설기가 grain이 곱고, moistness가 촉촉하고, chewiness가 쫄깃거렸다. 2. 기계적검사 결과 탄력성, 응집성, 견고성은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g(1%), 설탕 60g을 첨가한 군(A01S)이 유의하게 가장 높았고(p〈0.05), 씹힘성은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 7g(2%), 올리고당 90ml를 첨가한 군(A02O)이 유의하게 가장 높았고(P<0.05), 점착성은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g(1%), 올리고당 90m1를 첨가한 군(A01O)이 유의하게 가장 높았고(p〈0.05), 부착성은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 7g(2%), 꿀 80ml를 첨가한 군(A02H)이 유의하게 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 3. 수분함량은 멥쌀가루 33.2%, 솔잎가루 2.6% 였고 37∼40% 정도라야 바람직한 솔설기라고 평가되었다. 4. 색도측정 결과 L값(Lightness)은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g(1%), 꿀 80ml를 첨가한 군(A01H)이 가장 밝았으며, a값(Redness)과 b값(Yellowness) 은 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 10.5g(3%), 설탕 60g을 첨가한 군(AO3S)이 가장 높아 red와 yellow에 가까웠다(p〈0.05). 이상의 연구를 통해 얻은 솔설기의 가장 바람직한 배합비는 멥쌀가루 350g에 솔잎가루 3.5g, 꿀 80m1, 소금 3.5g, 물 20m1를 넣고 찐 떡이었으며, 수분함량은 37.1% 였다. 솔잎은 약재로 여러 질병의 치료나 구황식푼으로 많이 상용해 왔는데, 솔잎을 떡에 첨가하여 음식으로 섭취할 수 있는 솔설기를 개발함으로서 일상적인 기능성 음식으로 솔설기가 널리 보급되었으면 하고 기대한다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.147-150
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• 2012

A recently introduced helium ion microscopy (HIM) was employed to observe uncoated pine leaf specimens. Adult leaves were collected from the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and P. rigida, air-dried at room temperature, and observed by HIM without metal coating. Ovoid or round stomata and distinct Florin rings could be discerned. The epicuticular waxes were present in the epistomatal chambers and Florin rings of stomata on the leaf surface. The epicuticular waxes were mostly straight, cylindrical, and ca. 1 ${\mu}m$ in length. The epistomatal chambers of P. rigida were filled with the epicuticular waxes, whereas those of P. densiflora were not filled with the epicuticular waxes. Based on their micromorphology, the epicuticular wax structures of the pine species were identified as tubules. These results suggest that the HIM could be used for the investigation of the plant stomata and epicuticular waxes of uncoated plant leaves. Due to the smaller ion probe and interaction volume, the HIM has advantages over conventional field emission scanning electron microscopy in terms of image resolution and charge neutralization.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.648-659
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• 2012

This research categorizes fundamental data needed to develop eco-friendly fabrics treated with bamboo leaf & pine leaf extracts. The effect of mordant on those fabrics was analyzed through the measurement of mechanical properties and the estimation of primary hand values for cotton and silk fabrics dyed with bamboo leaf and pine leaf extracts that were later treated with various mordants. When cotton was dyed with bamboo leaves and pine leaves extracts, EM, WT, 2HB, 2HG, 2HG5, LC, T, and W increased however, RT, SMD, and RC decreased compared to raw cotton fabric. The B, G, and MIU increased after mordant treatment to the dyed cotton and resulted in a stiffer and rougher cotton's hand. EM, WT, RT, MIU, WC, T, and W increased (in terms of silk); however, LT, B, 2HB, G, 2HG, 2HG5, MMD, SMD, and LC decreased compared to raw silk fabric. Similar to the dyed cotton, mordant treatment increased the MIU and LC of dyed silk subsequently, the hand became stiffer and rougher. A greater tannin adsorption results in an increased mechanical property and the primary hand value. For both fabrics, mordant treatment made its smoothness drop. However, the scale of drop for cotton was significant, while the scale of the drop for silk was minor. In terms of type of mordant, femordant and natural-mordant treatment influenced the tensile, shear, surface properties of fabrics, and primary hand values more than Cu-mordant and synthetic-mordant in addition, this increased the stiffness, hardness, and roughness of fabrics.